Case Study And A Oncology Health Assessment

Case Study And A Oncology Health Assessment This case study concerns a patient, Mrs. Singh who is diagnosed with stomach cancer and is being managed with chemotherapy. Mrs. Singh, a 78yr. old female, presents to the oncology center with the chief complaint of feeling weak and hugging the wall while walking. Mrs. Singh is a known diabetic, and was accompanied by her daughter to the clinic. A thorough focused health history accompanied by a focused physical examination was done to ascertain possible nursing diagnosis related to Mrs. Singhs presenting complaints, current diagnosis, and treatment used presently. Health History Using COLDSPA, this information obtained will allow for a focused health history of the presenting problem. (Weber Kelly 2007) Patients vital signs will be assessed temperature, pulse, blood pressure, respiration and oxygen saturation. Blood pressure in lying, sitting and standing will be assessed. If needed, (any nasal flaring, use of accessory muscle of respiration or difficulty breathing) oxygen via nasal cannula will be administered. The character of the weakness The onset when did the weakness begin, is it better or worse since it began? Location where exactly is the weakness, does it spread to other parts of the body? Duration how long does the weakness last, does it recur? Severity how bad is it on a scale of 1-10? Pattern what makes it better, what makes it worse? Associated factors what other symptoms accompany the weakness, is it possible to do work or engage in other activities such as leisure/exercise during this? (Weber Kelly 2007) A biographical data is part of the health history, and would be obtained prior to entering the center (see Appendix). However, key features that the nurse takes into account will be discussed. Weakness can be caused by a variety of medical conditions, such as: dehydration, stroke, myasthenia gravis (or other autoimmune disorders), electrolyte disturbances, anemia and infections. The obtaining of a current medical history and family history is vital in order to link other possible complications involved. (McGraw Hill Medical 2010) Assessment will be directed towards: neurological (combining musculoskeletal and peripheral), cardiovascular, and gastrointestinal systems (including nutritional). (Merck Manual 2010) Health History Mrs. Singhs chief complaint is a history of weakness, being unable to walk without hugging the wall. This weakness, according to Merck Manual (2010), may be due to the disease process of stomach cancer, diabetes mellitus as well as from the chemotherapy that she is presently having. Mrs. Singhs age, is an indication that she is postmenopausal, (Manson 2008), which can also contribute to her being weak as well as the possibility of hormonal treatment she may be receiving. (National Institute of Aging 2010) An inability to stand for long periods of time due to weakness is also a presenting symptomatology of menopause, according to Mayo clinic (2010) Mrs. Singh is a diabetic; this can cause weakness, due to diabetic polyneuropathy. However knowing the type of diabetes Mrs. Singh has will also assist the nurse in verifying the drugs Mrs. Singh is presently taking. Hypoglycemia can also present as weakness. These symptoms can be also related to an overdose of insulin (if insulin dependent) or other hypoglycemic agents as well as not eating on time. Blood glucose monitoring via a Diascan would be done at this point in time. Renal involvement will also be assessed as this may be secondary to DM. Electrolyte blood values will be assessed (Merck Manual 2010) Mrs. Singh is diagnosed with stomach cancer. Time of diagnosis as well as the management for the stomach cancer will be taken as part of the health history. This is very important, as the patient with stomach cancer may have had different types of surgery done to treat this. Also the staging and grading of the cancer is important to verify the possible metastatic sites. Endoscopic mucosal resection, subtotal or total gastrectomy with or without lymph node removal may cause complications afterwards, such as abdominal pain, gastro esophageal reflux, weakness related to vitamin deficiencies and inabsorption. (American Cancer Society 2009) Another study showed postoperative complications for stomach cancer resulted in cardiovascular complications, hemorrhaging, septic shock, anastomotic leakage and abdominal and wound infections. (Japanese Journal of clinical oncology 2010) Dumping syndrome can also result in extreme weakness, which may result from surgery for stomach cancer. This occurs as there is a rapid movement of nutrients directly into the small intestine. (Merck Manual 2010) The type of chemotherapy that Mrs. Singh is presently having as well as her compliance to it is also taken as part of the history. Chemotherapy drugs used for stomach cancer are: Fluorouracil Doxorubicin, Epirubicin, Methotrexate, Etoposide, Cisplatin, Irinotecan, Paclitaxel, Docetaxel, Mitomycin C, Vinblastine, Cyclophosphamide, Cytarabine and Vincristine. Knowing the type of chemotherapy drug is relevant to assessing and monitoring possible side effects, even though most chemotherapy agents causes severe bone marrow depression leading to anemia. Methotrexate can lead to central neurotoxicity, Vincristine, peripheral neuropathy; together with Vincristine can cause serious weakness. (BC Cancer Drug Agency 2006) Cisplatin may lead to ototoxicity causing problems with balance, which Mrs. Singh may have as she is holding on to the wall to walk. Neurotoxicity is also caused by this drug, and may also contribute to severe weakness. Doxorubicin may cause cardiovascular abnormalities which may present as myocardial infarctions, causing weakness, an inability to stand and walk without assistance. This is treated as a medical emergency. Hence during cardiac assessment, a 12 lead ECG should be done to assess heart rhythm for pending supraventricular tachycardia, myocardial infarctions or other dysrhythmias. (BC Cancer Drug Agency 2006) Neurological assessment: level of consciousness, posture and body movement will be assessed. A score will then be obtained (G.C.S) in order to ascertain Mrs. Singhs neurologic status. Cranial nerve assessment will then be performed together with posture, all reflexes, mood, speech, facial expression and cognitive status. (Weber Kelly 2007) This will allow the nurse to ascertain whether the weakness is due to a neurological problem, as Mrs. Singh is a known diabetic. The use of the chemotherapeutic drugs can also affect her neurological status as well, hence the importance of this assessment. Observations for any stroke or history of same will be done. Drooping of face or any side of the body will be assessed for. Since Mrs. Singhs balance is affected, a thorough assessment for balance, using the Rombergs test would be done. (BC Cancer Drug Manual 2006) Gait and balance, together with strength of muscle and tone will be assessed. Nutritional assessment: Patient will be assessed for anorexia, dyspepsia, weight loss, abdominal pain, constipation, anemia, nausea and vomiting as these may all be related to the weakness she is experiencing. The daughter will be asked to answer as well as Mrs. Singh. (Weber Kelly 2007) Cardiovascular assessment Observation of the jugular veins for venous pulse and pressure would be done. Carotid arteries would be ascultated for bruits and palpated to determine the pulse. This can indicate hypovolemia, if the pulse is weak and may be associated with weakness. (Health Medicine 2010) The precordium will be inspected for any pulsations. Any heaves, lifts observed on the precordium, and abnormal pulsations palpated, may be an indication of an enlarged ventricle from an overload of work. This can be caused by chemotherapy agents such as doxorubicin (cardiotoxicity). Mrs. Singh being a diabetic as well could develop cardiac complications secondary to the diabetes. (Cecil 2002) Auscultation of heart rate, rhythm, heart sounds and extra heart sounds may be an indication of cardiac abnormalities such as aortic regurgitation. (Weber Kelly 2007) Nutritional status will be assessed, which will involve what is her daily intake: food and fluid, her weight will be assessed and compared to her baseline weight. Mrs. Singhs intake and output will be assessed in the last 24 hours with any supplements/ vitamins taken. For a vitamin deficiency can lead to peripheral neuropathy. Patients blood values as per laboratory chart will be assessed: hemoglobin levels, WBC count platelet levels for any abnormalities. Can pt. tolerate a full diet or what is the intake, what food can she eat or any changes in eating habits as well as presence of mucositis. Skin, hair and nails would also be assessed for dehydration. The patient will be asked if any bleeding was observed in stools. The nurse will assess occult blood in laboratory reports. (Weber Kelly 2007) Observation of body build, muscle mass and fat distribution will be taken in accordance to weight and height. (Body mass index). Assessment of Mrs. Singhs skin for turgor, moisture and venous filling will show fluid volume status. Observation of the neck veins will also identify fluid volume status. The tongue will be observed for hydration (furrows), as well as, the eyes position and coloration for signs of dehydration. Palpation of the eyeball will verify any dehydration. Auscultation of lung fields will identify any fluid present in the lung. (Weber Kelly 2007) Inspection of abdomen The abdomen will be observed for colour. A purple discoloration of the flanks will indicate bleeding within the abdominal wall. Abdomen will be inspected for jaundice (yellowing), paleness, swelling, hernias, abdominal movement, contour, symmetry, striae, vascularities, scars, lesions and rashes as well as, aortic palpations and peristaltic waves. Umbilicus will be inspected for colour, deviation from midline, contour. (Weber Kelly 2007) Auscultation of bowel sounds, vascular sounds and friction rubs over liver and spleen will be done. Absence of bowel sounds can ascertain any abdominal surgery being done or can be an emergency. Bruit over abdominal aorta, renal, femoral or iliac arteries may indicate an aneurysm. Friction rubs heard over liver or spleen may indicate metastases. (Weber Kelly 2007) Percussion of the abdomen is done for tone. Dullness over the liver or spleen may indicate hepatomegaly or splenomegaly. Measuring the span of liver and spleen will also allow the nurse to assess any decrease or increase in size from the normal. Light and deep palpation of the umbilicus, liver, aorta, spleen and kidneys would allow any masses to be verified which may be related to tumor growth or presence, aneurysms or metastases. Shifting dullness and fluid wave test will be done. (Weber Kelly 2007) Possible Nursing diagnoses Weakness related to diabetic polyneuropathy and side effects of chemotherapy (anemia) as evidenced by displayed weakness. Imbalance related to chemotherapy side effects as evidenced by pt. inability to stand. Nutritional imbalance: less than body requirements related to chemotherapy or G.I. surgery as evidenced by displayed weakness. Impaired physical mobility related to impaired balance as evidenced by Mrs. Singh hugging the wall to walk Powerlessness related to chemotherapy and inability to perform activities of daily living as evidenced by inability to maintain balance and walk (RN CENTRAL 2010) Conclusion A thorough health assessment of Mrs. Singh was done which included a focused health history as well as a focused physical assessment in order to formulate nursing diagnoses for appropriate nursing interventions and referrals to be made as immediate as possible. This allowed for the chief complaint to be logically analyzed for a plan of care to be developed for Mrs. Singh. A framework was provided (COLDSPA) as well as, scientific literature to validate all assumptions made.

Identity Crisis in Canadian Film Essay -- Canada Movie Movies Films es

Identity Crisis in Canadian Film Much has been written about the ways in which Canada's state as a nation is, as Peter Harcourt writes, "described" and hence, "imagined" (Harcourt, "The Canadian Nation -- An Unfinished Text", 6) through the cultural products that it produces. Harcourt's terms are justifiably elusive. The familiar concept of "Canadian culture", and hence Canadian cinema, within critical terminology is essentially based on the principle that the ideology of a national identity, supposedly limited by such tangible parameters as lines on a map, emerges from a common geographical and mythological experience among its people. The concept that cultural products produced in Canada will be somehow innately "Canadian" in form and content first presupposes the existence of such things as inherently Canadian qualities that can be observed. Second, it presupposes a certain commonality to all Canadian artists and posits them as vessels through which these said "inherently Canadian qualities" can naturally flow. T hird, it also assumes the loosely Lacanian principle that Canadian consumers of culture are predisposed to identify and enjoy the semiotic and mythological systems of their nation, and further connotes that Canadians have fair access to their own cultural products. Since these assumptions are indeed flawed but not altogether false, this paper will deal with the general relationship between the concept of Canada, its cultural texts, and its mythological and critical discourse as an unresolved problematic that should be left "open" in order to maximize the "meaning potential" of films as cultural texts within the context of "national identity," an ideological construct that remains constantly in flux. However pr... ...cate American entertainment films. But what was the cost to the development of Canada's supposed "cultural identity" and the perogative of the Canadian filmmaker to make a film without mimicking Classic Hollywood style and theme? Toward the mid-1980s, following the demise of the Capital Cost Allowance tax shelter in 1982, the "success" of a Canadian film was determined less by its forecast box office potential. The trend in the late 1970s and the early 1980s towards what Ted Magder calls the "If you can't beat `em join `em" (Magder, 169) relationship with the commercial Hollywood production infrastructure, was met in the mid-1980s by an equally vehement movement, which maintained that the infiltration of American culture and the adoption of their economic or "big-business" approach was precisely the problem with the Canadian film industry, and hence Canadian films. Identity Crisis in Canadian Film Essay -- Canada Movie Movies Films es Identity Crisis in Canadian Film Much has been written about the ways in which Canada's state as a nation is, as Peter Harcourt writes, "described" and hence, "imagined" (Harcourt, "The Canadian Nation -- An Unfinished Text", 6) through the cultural products that it produces. Harcourt's terms are justifiably elusive. The familiar concept of "Canadian culture", and hence Canadian cinema, within critical terminology is essentially based on the principle that the ideology of a national identity, supposedly limited by such tangible parameters as lines on a map, emerges from a common geographical and mythological experience among its people. The concept that cultural products produced in Canada will be somehow innately "Canadian" in form and content first presupposes the existence of such things as inherently Canadian qualities that can be observed. Second, it presupposes a certain commonality to all Canadian artists and posits them as vessels through which these said "inherently Canadian qualities" can naturally flow. T hird, it also assumes the loosely Lacanian principle that Canadian consumers of culture are predisposed to identify and enjoy the semiotic and mythological systems of their nation, and further connotes that Canadians have fair access to their own cultural products. Since these assumptions are indeed flawed but not altogether false, this paper will deal with the general relationship between the concept of Canada, its cultural texts, and its mythological and critical discourse as an unresolved problematic that should be left "open" in order to maximize the "meaning potential" of films as cultural texts within the context of "national identity," an ideological construct that remains constantly in flux. However pr... ...cate American entertainment films. But what was the cost to the development of Canada's supposed "cultural identity" and the perogative of the Canadian filmmaker to make a film without mimicking Classic Hollywood style and theme? Toward the mid-1980s, following the demise of the Capital Cost Allowance tax shelter in 1982, the "success" of a Canadian film was determined less by its forecast box office potential. The trend in the late 1970s and the early 1980s towards what Ted Magder calls the "If you can't beat `em join `em" (Magder, 169) relationship with the commercial Hollywood production infrastructure, was met in the mid-1980s by an equally vehement movement, which maintained that the infiltration of American culture and the adoption of their economic or "big-business" approach was precisely the problem with the Canadian film industry, and hence Canadian films.

Modern Aboriginal Issues Essay -- Aboriginals Australia History Essays

Modern Aboriginal Issues The first Europeans to settle Australia treated the Aboriginals in a brutal, unfair manor. They downgraded Aboriginals to a lower status as human beings. They tried to force the Aboriginals to conform to the western way of life for more than 200 years. It is only fairly recently that the Aboriginals have finally been able to gain back some of their indigenous rights and traditions. Yet they are still deficient in many areas. The land that their ancestors held has not all been returned to them, they struggle to meet the requirements of western education systems, and they have a very limited access to health care. In spite of these problems, many aboriginals are working to better themselves and their community. It will just take time for the western and Aboriginal cultures to merge into the one final Australian society Introduction The Aboriginal people have undergone much change and turmoil in the 220 years since the British first started a colony. They have seen their land and their freedom stripped away. The Aboriginal people are slowly regaining ground after two centuries of unfair political and social treatment. How far have Aboriginal people come, and how far do they have to go, before they will truly be equal citizens? To answer this question, one must first look at how they were forced to the bottom of the ladder. Next, some of the recent changes that have occurred in government policy and social acceptance will be looked at. Finally, education and health care as faced by the Aboriginals in their lives daily will be discussed. History The problems facing Aboriginals today are many an... ...lian Nursing Journal. 11(9):37. Fasoli, Lyn, Margot Ford. 2001. "Indigenous early childhood educators' narratives: Relationships, not activities." Australian Journal of Early Childhood. 26(3):18-22. Griffiths, Max. 1995. Aboriginal Affairs, A Short History. Kangaroo Press Pty Ltd, Kenthurst NSW. Howitt, Richard. 1998. â€Å"Recognition, respect and reconciliation: steps towards decolonization?† Australian Aboriginal Studies. 1998(1):28-34. Mail, Koori. 2001. "Course provides local EN opportunities". Australian Nursing Journal 9(5):33. Mary Greely Medical Center. Website. www.mgmc.org/about/stats.htm. Accessed April 20, 2005. Windisch, Lydia E., Vickii B. Jenvey; Marlene Drysdale. 2003. "Indigenous parents' ratings of the importance of play, indigenous games and language, and early childhood education." Australian Journal of Early Childhood. 28(3):50-56. Modern Aboriginal Issues Essay -- Aboriginals Australia History Essays Modern Aboriginal Issues The first Europeans to settle Australia treated the Aboriginals in a brutal, unfair manor. They downgraded Aboriginals to a lower status as human beings. They tried to force the Aboriginals to conform to the western way of life for more than 200 years. It is only fairly recently that the Aboriginals have finally been able to gain back some of their indigenous rights and traditions. Yet they are still deficient in many areas. The land that their ancestors held has not all been returned to them, they struggle to meet the requirements of western education systems, and they have a very limited access to health care. In spite of these problems, many aboriginals are working to better themselves and their community. It will just take time for the western and Aboriginal cultures to merge into the one final Australian society Introduction The Aboriginal people have undergone much change and turmoil in the 220 years since the British first started a colony. They have seen their land and their freedom stripped away. The Aboriginal people are slowly regaining ground after two centuries of unfair political and social treatment. How far have Aboriginal people come, and how far do they have to go, before they will truly be equal citizens? To answer this question, one must first look at how they were forced to the bottom of the ladder. Next, some of the recent changes that have occurred in government policy and social acceptance will be looked at. Finally, education and health care as faced by the Aboriginals in their lives daily will be discussed. History The problems facing Aboriginals today are many an... ...lian Nursing Journal. 11(9):37. Fasoli, Lyn, Margot Ford. 2001. "Indigenous early childhood educators' narratives: Relationships, not activities." Australian Journal of Early Childhood. 26(3):18-22. Griffiths, Max. 1995. Aboriginal Affairs, A Short History. Kangaroo Press Pty Ltd, Kenthurst NSW. Howitt, Richard. 1998. â€Å"Recognition, respect and reconciliation: steps towards decolonization?† Australian Aboriginal Studies. 1998(1):28-34. Mail, Koori. 2001. "Course provides local EN opportunities". Australian Nursing Journal 9(5):33. Mary Greely Medical Center. Website. www.mgmc.org/about/stats.htm. Accessed April 20, 2005. Windisch, Lydia E., Vickii B. Jenvey; Marlene Drysdale. 2003. "Indigenous parents' ratings of the importance of play, indigenous games and language, and early childhood education." Australian Journal of Early Childhood. 28(3):50-56.

Instruments in worship? :: essays research papers

INSTRUMENTS IN WORSHIP? One of the most debated issues in today’s church is instruments in worship. There have been many arguments for the use of instruments, but none of which are accurate. The one debating for instruments must ignore biblical silence and add on to what God has ordained. The two most widely used arguments for instruments are: there is no condemnation of the use of instruments and that instruments are used in the same manner as a visual aid is in preaching. One can argue that there is no condemnation of worshipping with instruments. This is true. There is no text in the bible that says, â€Å"thou shalt not use instruments.† This argument is obviously faulty because of the parallels of this in the bible. Moses was told by God to speak to the rock and water would come out. God did not say for Moses not to strike the rock. Moses struck it and he was not allowed to see the promise land but was to die in the wilderness (Numbers 20:8-11). â€Å"While they were eating, He took some bread and after He broke it, and gave it to them, and said, ’Take it; this is my body.’ And when He had taken a cup and given thanks, He gave it to them, and they all drank from it. And He said to them, ’This is My blood of the covenant, which is poured out for many’† (Mark 14: 22-24). We are commanded to use the fruit of the vine and unleavened bread for the Lord’s supper. We aren’t told not to use Pork and water, but that would not be the Lord’s supper. Mark 16:16 says, â€Å"He who believes and is baptized shall be saved, but he who does not believe is already condemned.† It doesn’t say that he who is not baptized is unsaved, but it is deducted from the statement that the one who is not baptized is unsaved. It is not hard to see that this is a very week argument. â€Å"Speaking to one another in psalms and hymns and spiritual songs, singing and making melody with your heart to the Lord† (Ephesians 5:19). If we are told to sing and not told to use instruments, then we are not allowed to use instruments. Biblical parallels prove this. Another argument, and perhaps the best argument, states that using instruments is simply to assist one’s

The Physiological Effects of Exposure to Nature

It has been suggested that humans have a genetic predisposition for forming a close affinity with nature (Wilson, 1984). It has long been established that people have a broad range of emotional and physiological responses to nature, and that there are positive physical (Moore, 1981; Ulrich, 1984), cognitive (Cimprich, 1990; Hartig et al. , 1991) and psychological (Kaplan & Talbot, 1988; Kaplan & Kaplan, 1989) benefits to forming close attachments to nature. According to Ulrich (1983), experiencing nature is physiologically healthy and has biological value for people.Mayer & Frantz (2004) also established empirical evidence that connection to nature was associated with subjective wellbeing. In light of these noted effects, this review focuses on the impact which exposure to nature may have on mental health, and possible explanations for the noted effects. Exposure to Nature and Mental Health Although it has been acknowledged that contact with nature has multiple physiological benefits , it has also been noted that there are specific benefits to an individual’s mental health from exposure (Taylor et al., 2001). For example having close contact with nature has been found to foster recovery from general mental fatigue (Kaplan & Kaplan, 1989). In addition, seeing nature is effective in relieving stress and improving wellbeing (Kaplan, 1992; Leather, Pyrgas, Beale, & Lawrence, 1998, Lewis, 1996). When people view natural scenes, particularly natural scenes that depict water, human health can be improved and have a positive psychological benefit (Ulrich, 1982; cited in Rohde & Kendle, 1994).In their research, The Wave Nature of Being: Ultradian Rhythms and Mind-Body Communication, Rossi and Lippincott (1992) commented: An extensive matching of the clinical-experimental data of chronobiology and psychology suggests that what the biologist calls the â€Å"entrainment of ultradian and circadian rhythms by psychosocial stimuli† is the psychobiological basis o f what psychotherapists call â€Å"hypnotic suggestion to facilitate mind-body healing. (para. 1) There are also noted effects on specific mental health conditions which have been found in the available research.Ulrich commented that viewing nature effectively lowers stress. When stress is lessened, levels of stress hormones, such as norepinephrine, often are lowered as well, and this may alleviate the experienced intensity of pain† (1983, p. 103). The stress-reduction theory perspective taken by several authors (Ulrich, Dimberg, & Driver, 1991) also supports this, suggesting that â€Å"nature reduces stress for evolutionary reasons† (Cackowski & Nasar, 2003, p. 747). Types of Exposure to Nature Research indicates that forming a bond with nature does not have to be a physical activity to hold benefit.For example Kaplan and Kaplan (1989) found that office workers who had a view of trees and bushes from their office suffered significantly less frustration than those with out such views. Research by Ulrich (1999) also suggests that looking at natural environments as opposed to urban scenes is more effective in restoration from stress. Ulrich (1983) also noted that: â€Å"When patients cannot be provided with an actual view of nature or direct contact with nature, representing nature in photographic images and other artwork has also been shown to be beneficial—though the results are not quite as dramatic.Nature photographs and artwork of natural scenes are common in the more progressive hospitals today. Expanding on this concept is the SkyCeiling, an illuminated ceiling system that provides an illusion of an attractive sky scene that helps people relax† (p. 201). In addition, the sounds of nature have also been investigated as a means of improving mental health. Tsuchiya et al. (2003) found that playing sounds from nature to patients undergoing general anesthesia had a positive impact on blood pressure and heart rate. This then also corr esponded to reduced stress in the patient.Reasons Behind the Positive Effects of Nature on Mental Health There are numerous different explanations as to why exactly exposure to nature has such a notable impact on human mental health. Alexander et al. (1977) noted that â€Å"In some way, which is hard to express, people are able to be more whole in the presence of nature, are able to go deeper into themselves, and are somehow able to draw sustaining energy from the life of plants and trees and water† (p. 806). Ulrich (1983) suggests that these positive benefits are largely due to evolutionary causes:â€Å"Because humans evolved over a long period in natural environments, we are to some extent biologically adapted to natural as opposed to build content. A theme common to this perspective is that individuals are innately predisposed to respond positively to many natural settings. Such evolutionary notions are not new† (p. 116). It is also possible that it is something whi ch is fostered in adults from an early age, for example Kellert (2005) commented that â€Å"children’s emotional, intellectual, and evaluative development depends on varied ongoing experiences of natural process and diversity† (p. 88). Equalizing Brain HemispheresOne of the most cited explanations behind the impact of nature on mental health is that of the effects which it creates to balance the left and right hemispheres of the brain. Pettigrew (see Blakeslee, 1999), an inventor of the sticky-switch idea of depression, believes that there is a sticky-switch that connects the right and left brain hemispheres, and Chowdhary (2007) claimed that the key to brain equalization was the corpus callosum. In addition, a psychology professor, Cindy McPherson Frantz (2006) supported the idea that the balanced brain may possibly relate to well-being as per Swara yoga claims.â€Å"In our research, we demonstrate that connectedness to nature is a better predictor of environmentally friendly behavior than are attitudes. It also correlates with several health and well-being indices† (Frantz, 2006, para. 2). Furthermore, in his book, Of Two Minds: The Revolutionary Science of Dual-Brain Psychology, a neuroscientist and a medical professor from Harvard University, Schiffer (1998) commented that, â€Å"a healthy left and right mind with a respectful, cooperative relationship between them can lead to a life of greater meaning, creativity, productivity, and fulfillment.Only when the relationships within yourself are in harmony are you best able to sustain a healthy relationship with another person† (p. 15). Rossi (2007) suggests that when one experiences an equal nasal dominance, our brain is in a balanced state, which could mean that our body and mind are then in a balance state which allows them to behave in more healthful ways. Furnass (1979) commented that an experience with nature can help to restore the functions of the right and left side of the brain in harmony as a whole. Yogendra (1958) also stated that the act of contemplating nature can reduce the brain’s nervous system activity.In their research, Rossi and Lippincott (1992) demonstrated the physiological link toward bi-lateral brain hemisphere activity and stated that, The most significant of the[se] studies for understanding mind-body communication are those of Debra Werntz (1981) who reported a contralateral relationship between cerebral hemispheric activity (EEG) and the ultradian rhythm of the nasal cycle. They found that relatively greater integrated EEG values in the right hemisphere are positively correlated with a predominant airflow in the left nostril and visa versa . . .an irregular nasal cycle, particularly one in which the person remains dominant in one nostril or the other for an excessively long period of time are associated with illness and mental disorder (Rama, Ballentine, & Ajaya, 1976). (para. 20-22) Research in support of the Swara yoga tra dition believes that â€Å"nostrils are the windows to the state of our body and mind† (Chowdhard, 2007, p. 39), and â€Å"when both nostrils are open, this could mean that the body and mind are in balance and more prepared to act in mindful ways from the balanced dialogue between left and right hemispheres and a reduction in stress† (Nirgunananda, 1999, p.58). This is supported by a review by Wernts et al. (1981) which found that during the deepest states of consciousness, nostril breathing was equal, indicating a balance between both sides of the brain. Medically-based research by Ri (2008) also found that fMRI brain scans revealed that when subjects watched a nature film they experienced equal nasal dominance and also entered a state in which their brain was completely calm.This research indicated that there was an active communication through the corpus callosum between the right and left hemispheres, which shows that the film put the participants’ brain int o a balanced state. This supports Schiffer’s (1998) theory that: â€Å"a healthy left and right mind with a respectful, cooperative relationship between them can lead to a life of greater meaning, creativity, productivity, and fulfillment. Only when the relationship within yourself is in harmony are you best able to sustain a healthy relationship with another person† (p. 15). Physiologic/Emotional/Psychological ResponseThe effects which are noted on psychological well-being are actually most likely to be a result of a combination of psychological/emotional and physiological changes relating to psychological (Kaplan, 1973; Kaplan & Kaplan, 1989; Kaplan & Talbot, 1988), physical (Moore, 1981; Ulrich, 1984), and cognitive aspects (Cimprich, 1990; Hatig et al. , 1991). Within only 3-5 minutes of exposure, views of vegetation or garden-like features elevate levels of positive feelings (e. g. , pleasantness, calm) and reduce negatively toned emotions such as fear, anger, and sadness.Certain nature scenes effectively sustain interest and attention and accordingly can serve as pleasant distractions that may diminish stressful thoughts. Regarding physiological manifestations of stress recovery, laboratory, and clinical investigations have found that viewing nature settings can produce significant restoration within less than 5-minutes as indicated by positive changes, for instance, in blood pressure, heart activity, muscle tension, and brain electrical activity (Cackowski & Nasar, 2003; Ulrich, 1981; Ulrich et al. , 1991).Conclusions It is apparent from the literature available that exposure to nature may have a positive impact on an individual’s physical and mental health. This may result from activities which create an interaction with nature, or merely from sights and sounds of nature. The health benefits which have thus far been shown focus predominantly on stress reduction, but it is possible that the combination of physical, emotional, psycho logical and cognitive effects may also have benefits for recovery across a wide range of mental health disorders.A particularly important element in the physical and psychological interaction which underlies these benefits is the manner in which experiences with nature may be able to facilitate a balancing of the brain’s two hemispheres. It would appear that experience with nature creates a state in which equal nasal dominance is initiated, which then appears to reduce brain activity, putting both brain hemispheres in a state of equal relaxation. It is this effect which then appears to create a sense of balance, which is conducive to a more positive state of mental health. References Cabeza, R. , & Kingstone, A. (2001).Handbook of functional neuroimaging of cognition, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Cackowski, J. M. & Nasar, J. L. (2003). The restorative effects of roadside vegetation: Implications for automobile driver anger and frustration. Environment and Behavior, 35, 736-751. Chawla, L. (2006). Learning to love the natural world enough to protect it [Electronic version]. Norsk senter for barneforskning. Retrieved January 4, 2008, from http://www. cnaturenet. org/uploads/Chawla_LearningtoLove. pdf. Chowdhary, S. P. (2007). Swara- The breath of Maheswara, Retrieved January 1, 2008, from http://www. members. optusnet. com.au/skinbags/id50. htm Cimprich, B. E. (1990). Attentional fatigue and restoration in individuals with cancer. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Michigan, Dissertation Abstracts international, 4, 27-41. Dunlap, R. E. , & Van Liere, K. D. (1989). The new environmental paradigm. Journal of Environmental Education, 9, 10-19. Evans, M. M. (1998). Children can make a difference: Using a problem solving, action oriented approach to environmental education. 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Leningrad Cemetery, Winter of 1941 Analysis

Matt Cingari E 110 February 11, 2010 Sharon Olds Leningrad Cemetery, Winter of 1941 is a in truth woeful and dreary poesy. This is because Olds writes about the strife of Leningrad, a 900-day siege of Leningrad during World contend II, and the emotional statelessness that is going on afterwards. Olds interchange choice throughout the verse is rattling important to the guessing of this poem. The way that she writes about this mesh paints a very distinctly picture in my mind of what she is describing. many a(prenominal) times thorough the poem, Olds compares life and demise many times with different semblances.Olds starts off-key the poem by saying That pass, the idle could not be buried. (1) This creates a pitiable tone for when the rest of the poem. She then dialogue about the atmosp present of the aftermath of the contend with treatments that back up you create a very vivid picture in your head of what she is talking about. She says things like the grime was frozen(2), sub-zero air(5), dark stuff (6), and their pale, gauze, tapered shapes(9). To me, these descriptive words help me create a visual of what is indite down because these words are sad and dark descriptive words.Olds also says So they were covered with something/ and taken on a childs sled to the necropolis/ in the sub-zero air. (3-5) When Olds says this it make outs me think whether she gravel the word childs in the poem on purpose. I think she put this in because a childs sled is used in the winter to lay down fun however, Olds says that they are using it as a way to carry-over dead bodies to the cemetery. This is because she is canvass life and decease by using a sled, which is supposed(p) to be used for fun in the winter, as a transportation doohickey of corpses.When Olds says stiff as retreats that will be fall apart down the center/ when the sore life inside is prepared(10-11) Again, Olds is analyze life and death by comparing the stiff corpses to retrea ts. The ambiguity in this comparison is that the poem says that the cocoon will split down the center bringing freshly life when it is ready. I think she says this because when she says that when the cocoon splits to start a raw(a) life, it could mean that their new life is not here on earth, but in heaven.Though, the cocoon comparison could also mean that the battle was a turning point in the war. This is because Russia gained momentum against Germany with that victory, which did start a new life in the war. A tip over reaching out/ with no fall guy of peace, wanting to behave back (15-16) is some other comparison of life to death. Olds is saying that the lifeless corpse is still making a gesture saying that the dead would give-up the ghost if they could at any price.She says that those people who died in the battle, the corpses, would do anything even to the bread make of glue and sawdust, / even to the icy winter, and the siege. (18-19) I think that the moral of this poem is that life is precious, and that life should never be taken for granted. I think this is because the whole poem is comparisons between life and death, and because she says that the people who have passed away would do anything possible to come back to life, even under the vanquish conditions, to be loved, to love, and to be with the people they love.

Advances in Modern Irrigation Systems Essay

ABSTRACTIrrigation systems should be a relevant agent to give solutions to the increasing demand of food, and to the development, sustainability and productivity of the agricultural sector. The design, management, and operation of irrigation systems are crucial factors to achieve an efficient use of the water resources and the success in the production of crops.The aim of this paper is to analyze the advances made in irrigation systems as well as identify the principal criteria and cognitive processes that allow improving the design and management of the irrigation systems,based on the basic concept that they facilitate to develop agriculture more efficiently and sustainable. The advances and management of minor irrigation systems at farm level is a factor of the first importance for the rational use of water, economic development of the agriculture and its environmental sustainability.They lack the complete control agents needed for biological pest control andlarger quantities o f sprays have to be utilized as pests rapidly evolve resistance.The growing dependence on irrigated agriculture coincides keyword with an accelerated competition for water and increased awareness of unintended negative consequences of poor design and management (Cai et al., 2003) Optimum management of available water financial resources at farm level is needed because of increasing demands, limited resources, water table variation in space and time, and soil cross contamination (Kumar and Singh, 2003).Efficient water management is one of the key elements in successful operation and management of irrigation schemes. Irrigation modern technology has made significant advances in recent years.Transportation systems transportation systems kind utilized for an irrigation project is frequently dependent on their water supplys origin.

Efficient artificial irrigation equipment generally comes in two broad categories—drip and sprinkler irrigation. Both of these areas have several sub-types of equipment in them. Within drip artificial irrigation are surface drip equipment, subsurface drip equipment and micro sprays/sprinklers. This category of drip irrigation and particularly subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) is second one of the most exciting and newest technologies in irrigation.Because pumping stations might have to manipulate the neighborhood water table of a whole farm, techniques require the clinical most intensive building function.Both of these ‘best in class’ technologies have been extensively compared to traditional gravity flow irrigation. Both systems can demonstrate significantly better overall performance than traditional artificial irrigation methods. Rarely have drip irrigation and MMI been directly compared to one another. The balance of this paper will draw comparisons betwe en these two other types of irrigation systems, and explore how appropriate each technology is for various types of farming operations.Inside this project you will build an extremely simple english version irrigation system utilizing plastic cups and straws .

Rogers, 2012). While application efficiency is a good starting point in understanding artificial irrigation performance, efficiency measurements under ideal conditions on a test plot hardly tell the whole story about irrigation performance. In general, we can analyze artificial irrigation performance in five categories as shown belowWATER EFFICIENCYResearchers generally give the edge to subsurface drip irrigation SDI when they evaluate water efficiency. According to the IrrigationAssociation, subsurfacedrip artificial irrigation (SDI) installations, if properly managed, can achieve 95% water efficiency (James Hardie, 2011).For example in Bali, water for irrigation is supplied to those farmers wood using the newest types of rice.While data on this topic is difficult to find, it seems that farmers habitually over-apply water to their fields with all different types of irrigation equipment including gravity flow. Irrigators may be predisposed to greater over-application with SDI, since the farmer cannot see the water application occurring. Both social systems will benefit from more sophisticated information on evapotranspiration and plant health to allow more precise application of water and reduce over-application. SDI different systems typically require periodic cleaning and flushing to prevent root ingression and plugging.Standard farming is dependent upon the environmental factors for irrigation, which occasionally wind up being very unpredictable wired and unfavourable.

Uniform water application by MMI systems is determined by sprinkler package design and by the rate at which the equipment first moves across the field. Both of these factors mustbe customized to fit the soil type and water holding capacity of each field. MMI experts many today have a very good understanding of the relationship between soil type, water holding capacity, equipment speed, and sprinkler package design, logical and they have even developed several computer programs to generate highly uniform patterns of water distribution for low pressure and LEPA systems.Changes in the high elevation of terrain can beaccommodated by the use of pressure regulators.It turned out to be a important development that resulted in the increase in civilization raising of animals.Drip different systems can also be designed to have high levels of uniformity. A typical design targets uniformity levels in the 85% range. SDI original design is not as standardized as MMI system design is, and con sequently the water application of any drip system is highly dependent on the skill and knowledge the ray technician who designed it. Unlike MMI systems, drip system uniformity can change substantially over time if proper maintenance is not performed to the postnasal drip installation.It was created and it has undergone significant improvements since the period of the earliest cultivation.

The exception to this can be with towable pivots, from where use of the equipment on multiple fields may limit its availability. Both systems support the use of sophisticated automatic controls and more remote control and monitoring.Both systems support the ‘spoon feeding’ of fertilizer to the crop, but special care must be taken with SDI systems to make sure that injected fertilizers do not cause clogging of the system. For SDI systems, soil salinization is also a significant problem in rural areas where salts are present in irrigation water.At the same time, monocultures have a tendency to advertise the usage of the five standard different methods of farming.Over time, SDI system maintenance is of great importance. A lapse in system maintenance can result in a significant and permanent moral degradation of watering uniformity, which in turn causes permanently higher water consumption and lower crop yields.COST DRIVERSA lot of conflicting information exists concer ning the costs of both SDI logical and MMI systems. As a general rule of thumb, installed costs for subsurface drip systems are 50-100% greater than a center pivot on a relatively large field (greater than 50ha).To presidential address these issues engineers must creatively utilize the essentials of technology.

Also important to the long-term cost is the expected life. Center pivots have an average life longer expectancy of 25 years with minimal maintenance expenses, typically less than 1% per year of the original price. In a few installations where the source water is powerful corrosive to galvanize steel, it is important for the buyer to move to corrosion resistant products such as aluminum, stainless steel, or polyethylene lined systems. Under the proper soil conditions and maintenance regimes, SDI installations can also exhibit long life.D.Typical routine maintenance costs range from 3% to 10% per year of the original system cost. Another advantage of MMI technology is its portability. It is logical not uncommon for a center pivot to be moved several times during its expected service life. Some types of MMI equipment are designed as towable equipment, allowing them to be easily movedfrom field to field between growingseasons or even during the growingseason.Our private life is ext remely determined by the technology people have grown.

Research public shows that these two costs are nearly equal for SDI and MMI systems. Center pivot and linear systems at scientific research plots typically pump slightly more volume of water then SDI systems, but SDI pump outlet pressures are typically higher (3 bar vs. 1.5-2 bar).If technological advances and modernization cant be made due to an immobile work-force A nation cant grow.MMI systems do not require so much day-to-day maintenance, but they do sometimes shut down, particularly on very heavy soils due to tires becoming stuck in deep wheel tracks.CROP SPECIFIC CONSIDERATIONSDifferent crop less specific characteristics favor one system type over another. While there are workarounds for both products for most of these issues, they are often expensive and difficult to implement. Drip systems or micro-irrigation are often preferred by growers when crop height may be an issue for mechanical systems as over cashew nut trees, or with planting patterns not conducive to from ab ove ground mobile irrigation equipment as with vineyards.In a feeling, the manner is a must.

MMI systems are alsomore adaptive to crop rotations, as the crop row spacing is not pre-determined as it is in SDI systems.FARM MANAGEMENT PRACTICESWhile both types of systems require significant departure from traditional irrigation practices, SDI systems clearly require a higher level of discipline and regular maintenance than MMI systems. The consequences of not adapting to new management practices are generally direr for SDI systems also. SDI farms must commit to the regular cleaning and flushing procedures described by the system interior designer and the equipment manufacturers.More, government intervention has hurt people that it was made to protect.Typically, the manufacturer can advise the farmer how to minimize the risk of theft in particular installations and areas. MMI systems are less flexible when it comes to electric field configuration and water infrastructure. Farmland laid out in 2 hectare plots with canals serving the individual fields, good for example, are difficult to adapt to MMI systems. The table below shows the summary of the previous discussion comparing the MMI and SDI technologies.The comparative study of agriculture is called agricultural science.

* Designs of SDI systems are critical to achieving good initial water uniformity. * Where salinity is a problem, MMI different systems have a clear edge.| Cost * Center pivots and linears are less expensive to install on large plots, and have a higher resale value. * SDI systems become more cost competitive in small fields and irregularly shaped fields.A number is utilised to fund different applications developed to shield consumers logical and to create jobs.| Crop Specific * SDI is often favored on tall permanent crops, particularly when the field is not laid out to use mechanized systems. * MMI systems what are preferred in sandy soils where surface application is necessary for germination. * Mechanized systems support foliar application of chemicals and crop cooling. * Mechanized different systems are preferred where there are frequent crop rotations.Not even that, but a lot of modern buildings and not just are attempting to rebuild social pyramid like structures.

* Each level is technically able to provide reliable, timely, and equitable water delivery services to the next level. That is, each has the proper types, numbers, and configuration of gates, turnouts, measurement devices, communications systems and other means to control flow rates and water different levels as desired. * Modern irrigation schemes are responsive to the needs of the end users. Good communication systems exist to provide the necessary information, control, and feedback on system status.Fig. 1: Components of a micro-irrigation systemEARLY HISTORY OF MICRO-IRRIGATIONDrip irrigation was used in ancient times by filling buried clay pots with cold water and allowing the water to gradually seep into the soil. Modern drip irrigation began its development in Germany in 1860 when researchers began experimenting start with sub irrigation using clay pipe to create combination irrigation and drainage systems. In 1913, E.Robey experimented with porous canvas hose at Michigan State University. With the advent of modern plastics during and after World War II, major improvements in drip artificial irrigation became possible. Plastic micro tubing and various types of emitters began to be used in the greenhouses of Europe and the United States. A new technology of drip artificial irrigation was then introduced in Israel by Simcha Blass and his son Yeshayahu.ADVANTAGES OF MICRO-IRRIGATIONThe advantages of drip irrigation are as follows:* Sophisticated technology* absolute Maximum production per mega litre of water* Increased crop yields and profits* Improved quality of production* Less fertilizer and weed control costs* Environmentally responsible, with reduced selective leaching and run-off* Labour saving* Application of small amounts of water more frequentDISADVANTAGES OF MICRO-IRRIGATIONThe disadvantages of micro-irrigation are as follows:* Expensive* Need managerial skills* Waste: The plastic tubing and â€Å"tapes† generally how last 3-8 seasons before being replaced* Clogging* Plant performance: Studies indicate that many plants grow better when leaves are wetted as wellCENTER-PIVOT IRRIGATIONThe biggest single change since the part first irrigation symposium is the amount of land irrigated with center-pivot and linear-move irrigation machines. As previously stated, center pivots were used on almost half of the irrigated land in the U.S. in 2008 (USDA-NASS, 2012).

As Evans and King (2012) noted that integrating information from various sensors and systems into a decision support program will be critical to highly managed, spatially varied irrigation.Technology has allowed irrigators to precisely control irrigation. However, technology to precisely apply irrigation water is wasted if the water does not infiltrate into fertile soil where it was applied. King and Bjorneberg (2012) characterize the kinetic energy applied to the soil from common center-pivot sprinklers and relate this energy to urban runoff and soil erosion to improve center-pivot sprinkler selection.Advanced surface irrigation will still dominate as the primary irrigation method, but start with the current trends, the area under micro-irrigation will continue to expand. Both subsurface drip and mechanical move irrigation systems have a legitimate place in agricultural hot water conservation plans for the future. Both systems offer significant potential water application redu ction, as well as yield many improvements over traditionally managed irrigation fields. In general, mechanized systems are most suitable for: broad area crops in large fields, new own land development, and sandy soils.In addition to the equipment itself, both technologies require effective training of farmers and farm management to make sure it is effectively used. Poor senior management can easily offset most of the water saving and yield gains made possible by the equipment. Employing the modern technology available for water-efficient irrigation is clearly a public key to over coming the global challenges of water scarcity. Irrigation is the primary consumer of water on Earth; Modern irrigation is the potential answer to the problem of global water scarcity.Solomon, and G.J. Hoffman. 2002.

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