Digital Fortress Chapter 3

Susan's Volvo sedan rolled to a stop in the shadow of the ten-foot-high, barbed Cyclone fence. A young guard placed his hand on the roof. â€Å"ID, please.† Susan obliged and settled in for the usual half-minute wait. The officer ran her card through a computerized scanner. Finally he looked up. â€Å"Thank you, Ms. Fletcher.† He gave an imperceptible sign, and the gate swung open. Half a mile ahead Susan repeated the entire procedure at an equally imposing electrified fence. Come on, guys†¦ I've only been through here a million times. As she approached the final checkpoint, a stocky sentry with two attack dogs and a machine gun glanced down at her license plate and waved her through. She followed Canine Road for another 250 yards and pulled into Employee Lot C. Unbelievable, she thought. Twenty-six thousand employees and a twelve-billion-dollar budget; you'd think they could make it through the weekend without me. Susan gunned the car into her reserved spot and killed the engine. After crossing the landscaped terrace and entering the main building, she cleared two more internal checkpoints and finally arrived at the windowless tunnel that led to the new wing. A voice-scan booth blocked her entry. NATIONAL SECURITY AGENCY (NSA) CRYPTO FACILITY AUTHORIZED PERSONNEL ONLY The armed guard looked up. â€Å"Afternoon, Ms. Fletcher.† Susan smiled tiredly. â€Å"Hi, John.† â€Å"Didn't expect you today.† â€Å"Yeah, me neither.† She leaned toward the parabolic microphone. â€Å"Susan Fletcher,† she stated clearly. The computer instantly confirmed the frequency concentrations in her voice, and the gate clicked open. She stepped through. The guard admired Susan as she began her walk down the cement causeway. He noticed that her strong hazel eyes seemed distant today, but her cheeks had a flushed freshness, and her shoulder-length, auburn hair looked newly blown dry. Trailing her was the faint scent of Johnson's Baby Powder. His eyes fell the length of her slender torso-to her white blouse with the bra barely visible beneath, to her knee-length khaki skirt, and finally to her legs†¦ Susan Fletcher's legs. Hard to imagine they support a 170 IQ, he mused to himself. He stared after her a long time. Finally he shook his head as she disappeared in the distance. As Susan reached the end of the tunnel, a circular, vaultlike door blocked her way. The enormous letters read: crypto. Sighing, she placed her hand inside the recessed cipher box and entered her five-digit PIN. Seconds later the twelve-ton slab of steel began to revolve. She tried to focus, but her thoughts reeled back to him. David Becker. The only man she'd ever loved. The youngest full professor at Georgetown University and a brilliant foreign-language specialist, he was practically a celebrity in the world of academia. Born with an eidetic memory and a love of languages, he'd mastered six Asian dialects as well as Spanish, French, and Italian. His university lectures on etymology and linguistics were standing-room only, and he invariably stayed late to answer a barrage of questions. He spoke with authority and enthusiasm, apparently oblivious to the adoring gazes of his star-struck coeds. Becker was dark-a rugged, youthful thirty-five with sharp green eyes and a wit to match. His strong jaw and taut features reminded Susan of carved marble. Over six feet tall, Becker moved across a squash court faster than any of his colleagues could comprehend. After soundly beating his opponent, he would cool off by dousing his head in a drinking fountain and soaking his tuft of thick, black hair. Then, still dripping, he'd treat his opponent to a fruit shake and a bagel. As with all young professors, David's university salary was modest. From time to time, when he needed to renew his squash club membership or restring his old Dunlop with gut, he earned extra money by doing translating work for government agencies in and around Washington. It was on one of those jobs that he'd met Susan. It was a crisp morning during fall break when Becker returned from a morning jog to his three-room faculty apartment to find his answering machine blinking. He downed a quart of orange juice as he listened to the playback. The message was like many he received-a government agency requesting his translating services for a few hours later that morning. The only strange thing was that Becker had never heard of the organization. â€Å"They're called the National Security Agency,† Becker said, calling a few of his colleagues for background. The reply was always the same. â€Å"You mean the National Security Council?† Becker checked the message. â€Å"No. They said Agency. The NSA.† â€Å"Never heard of 'em.† Becker checked the GAO Directory, and it showed no listing either. Puzzled, Becker called one of his old squash buddies, an ex-political analyst turned research clerk at the Library of Congress. David was shocked by his friend's explanation. Apparently, not only did the NSA exist, but it was considered one of the most influential government organizations in the world. It had been gathering global electronic intelligence data and protecting U.S. classified information for over half a century. Only 3 percent of Americans were even aware it existed. â€Å"NSA,† his buddy joked, â€Å"stands for ‘No Such Agency.' â€Å" With a mixture of apprehension and curiosity, Becker accepted the mysterious agency's offer. He drove the thirty-seven miles to their eighty-six-acre headquarters hidden discreetly in the wooded hills of Fort Meade, Maryland. After passing through endless security checks and being issued a six-hour, holographic guest pass, he was escorted to a plush research facility where he was told he would spend the afternoon providing â€Å"blind support† to the Cryptography Division-an elite group of mathematical brainiacs known as the code-breakers. For the first hour, the cryptographers seemed unaware Becker was even there. They hovered around an enormous table and spoke a language Becker had never heard. They spoke of stream ciphers, self-decimated generators, knapsack variants, zero knowledge protocols, unicity points. Becker observed, lost. They scrawled symbols on graph paper, pored over computer printouts, and continuously referred to the jumble of text on the overhead projector. JHdja3jKHDhmado/ertwtjlw+jgj328 5jhalsfnHKhhhfafOhhdfgaf/fj37we ohi93450s9djfd2h/HHrtyFHLf89303 95jspjf2j0890Ihj98yhfi080ewrt03 jojr845h0roq+jt0eu4tqefqe//oujw 08UY0IH0934jtpwfiajer09qu4jr9gu ivjP$duw4h95pe8rtugvjw3p4e/ikkc mffuerhfgv0q394ikjrmg+unhvs9oer rk/0956y7u0poikIOjp9f8760qwerqi Eventually one of them explained what Becker had already surmised. The scrambled text was a code-a â€Å"cipher text†-groups of numbers and letters representing encrypted words. The cryptographers' job was to study the code and extract from it the original message, or â€Å"cleartext.† The NSA had called Becker because they suspected the original message was written in Mandarin Chinese; he was to translate the symbols as the cryptographers decrypted them. For two hours, Becker interpreted an endless stream of Mandarin symbols. But each time he gave them a translation, the cryptographers shook their heads in despair. Apparently the code was not making sense. Eager to help, Becker pointed out that all the characters they'd shown him had a common trait-they were also part of the Kanji language. Instantly the bustle in the room fell silent. The man in charge, a lanky chain-smoker named Morante, turned to Becker in disbelief. â€Å"You mean these symbols have multiple meanings?† Becker nodded. He explained that Kanji was a Japanese writing system based on modified Chinese characters. He'd been giving Mandarin translations because that's what they'd asked for. â€Å"Jesus Christ.† Morante coughed. â€Å"Let's try the Kanji.† Like magic, everything fell into place. The cryptographers were duly impressed, but nonetheless, they still made Becker work on the characters out of sequence. â€Å"It's for your own safety,† Morante said. â€Å"This way, you won't know what you're translating.† Becker laughed. Then he noticed nobody else was laughing. When the code finally broke, Becker had no idea what dark secrets he'd helped reveal, but one thing was for certain-the NSA took code-breaking seriously; the check in Becker's pocket was more than an entire month's university salary. On his way back out through the series of security check points in the main corridor, Becker's exit was blocked by a guard hanging up a phone. â€Å"Mr. Becker, wait here, please.† â€Å"What's the problem?† Becker had not expected the meeting to take so long, and he was running late for his standing Saturday afternoon squash match. The guard shrugged. â€Å"Head of Crypto wants a word. She's on her way out now.† â€Å"She?† Becker laughed. He had yet to see a female inside the NSA. â€Å"Is that a problem for you?† a woman's voice asked from behind him. Becker turned and immediately felt himself flush. He eyed the ID card on the woman's blouse. The head of the NSA's Cryptography Division was not only a woman, but an attractive woman at that. â€Å"No,† Becker fumbled. â€Å"I just†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Susan Fletcher.† The woman smiled, holding out her slender hand. Becker took it. â€Å"David Becker.† â€Å"Congratulations, Mr. Becker. I hear you did a fine job today. Might I chat with you about it?† Becker hesitated. â€Å"Actually, I'm in a bit of a rush at the moment.† He hoped spurning the world's most powerful intelligence agency wasn't a foolish act, but his squash match started in forty-five minutes, and he had a reputation to uphold: David Becker was never late for squash†¦ class maybe, but never squash. â€Å"I'll be brief.† Susan Fletcher smiled. â€Å"Right this way, please.† Ten minutes later, Becker was in the NSA's commissary enjoying a popover and cranberry juice with the NSA's lovely head cryptographer, Susan Fletcher. It quickly became evident to David that the thirty-eight-year-old's high-ranking position at the NSA was no fluke-she was one of the brightest women he had ever met. As they discussed codes and code-breaking, Becker found himself struggling to keep up-a new and exciting experience for him. An hour later, after Becker had obviously missed his squash match and Susan had blatantly ignored three pages on the intercom, both of them had to laugh. There they were, two highly analytical minds, presumably immune to irrational infatuations-but somehow, while they sat there discussing linguistic morphology and pseudo-random number generators, they felt like a couple of teenagers-everything was fireworks. Susan never did get around to the real reason she'd wanted to speak to David Becker-to offer him a trial post in their Asiatic Cryptography Division. It was clear from the passion with which the young professor spoke about teaching that he would never leave the university. Susan decided not to ruin the mood by talking business. She felt like a schoolgirl all over again; nothing was going to spoil it. And nothing did. Their courtship was slow and romantic-stolen escapes whenever their schedules permitted, long walks through the Georgetown campus, late-night cappuccinos at Merlutti's, occasional lectures and concerts. Susan found herself laughing more than she'd ever thought possible. It seemed there was nothing David couldn't twist into a joke. It was a welcome release from the intensity of her post at the NSA. One crisp, autumn afternoon they sat in the bleachers watching Georgetown soccer get pummeled by Rutgers. â€Å"What sport did you say you play?† Susan teased. â€Å"Zucchini?† Becker groaned. â€Å"It's called squash.† She gave him a dumb look. â€Å"It's like zucchini,† he explained, â€Å"but the court's smaller.† Susan pushed him. Georgetown's left wing sent a corner-kick sailing out of bounds, and a boo went up from the crowd. The defensemen hurried back downfield. â€Å"How about you?† Becker asked. â€Å"Play any sports?† â€Å"I'm a black belt in Stairmaster.† Becker cringed. â€Å"I prefer sports you can win.† Susan smiled. â€Å"Overachiever, are we?† Georgetown's star defenseman blocked a pass, and there was a communal cheer in the stands. Susan leaned over and whispered in David's ear. â€Å"Doctor.† He turned and eyed her, lost. â€Å"Doctor,† she repeated. â€Å"Say the first thing that comes to mind.† Becker looked doubtful. â€Å"Word associations?† â€Å"Standard NSA procedure. I need to know who I'm with.† She eyed him sternly. â€Å"Doctor.† Becker shrugged. â€Å"Seuss.† Susan gave him a frown. â€Å"Okay, try this one†¦ ‘kitchen.' â€Å" He didn't hesitate. â€Å"Bedroom.† Susan arched her eyebrows coyly. â€Å"Okay, how about this†¦ ‘cat.' â€Å" â€Å"Gut,† Becker fired back. â€Å"Gut?† â€Å"Yeah. Catgut. Squash racquet string of champions.† â€Å"That's pleasant.† She groaned. â€Å"Your diagnosis?† Becker inquired. Susan thought a minute. â€Å"You're a childish, sexually frustrated squash fiend.† Becker shrugged. â€Å"Sounds about right.† It went on like that for weeks. Over dessert at all-night diners Becker would ask endless questions. Where had she learned mathematics? How did she end up at the NSA? How did she get so captivating? Susan blushed and admitted she'd been a late bloomer. Lanky and awkward with braces through her late teens, Susan said her Aunt Clara had once told her God's apology for Susan's plainness was to give her brains. A premature apology, Becker thought. Susan explained that her interest in cryptography had started in junior high school. The president of the computer club, a towering eighth grader named Frank Gutmann, typed her a love poem and encrypted it with a number-substitution scheme. Susan begged to know what it said. Frank flirtatiously refused. Susan took the code home and stayed up all night with a flashlight under her covers until she figured out the secret-every number represented a letter. She carefully deciphered the code and watched in wonder as the seemingly random digits turned magically into beautiful poetry. In that instant, she knew she'd fallen in love-codes and cryptography would become her life. Almost twenty years later, after getting her master's in mathematics from Johns Hopkins and studying number theory on a full scholarship from MIT, she submitted her doctoral thesis, Cryptographic Methods, Protocols, and Algorithms for Manual Applications. Apparently her professor was not the only one who read it; shortly afterward, Susan received a phone call and a plane ticket from the NSA. Everyone in cryptography knew about the NSA; it was home to the best cryptographic minds on the planet. Each spring, as the private-sector firms descended on the brightest new minds in the workforce and offered obscene salaries and stock options, the NSA watched carefully, selected their targets, and then simply stepped in and doubled the best standing offer. What the NSA wanted, the NSA bought. Trembling with anticipation, Susan flew to Washington's Dulles International Airport where she was met by an NSA driver, who whisked her off to Fort Meade. There were forty-one others who had received the same phone call that year. At twenty-eight, Susan was the youngest. She was also the only female. The visit turned out to be more of a public relations bonanza and a barrage of intelligence testing than an informational session. In the week that followed, Susan and six others where invited back. Although hesitant, Susan returned. The group was immediately separated. They underwent individual polygraph tests, background searches, handwriting analyses, and endless hours of interviews, including taped inquiries into their sexual orientations and practices. When the interviewer asked Susan if she'd ever engaged in sex with animals, she almost walked out, but somehow the mystery carried her through-the prospect of working on the cutting edge of code theory, entering â€Å"The Puzzle Palace,† and becoming a member of the most secretive club in the world-the National Security Agency. Becker sat riveted by her stories. â€Å"They actually asked you if you'd had sex with animals?† Susan shrugged. â€Å"Part of the routine background check.† â€Å"Well†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Becker fought off a grin. â€Å"What did you say?† She kicked him under the table. â€Å"I told them no!† Then she added, â€Å"And until last night, it was true.† In Susan's eyes, David was as close to perfect as she could imagine. He only had one unfortunate quality; every time they went out, he insisted on picking up the check. Susan hated seeing him lay down a full day's salary on dinner for two, but Becker was immovable. Susan learned not to protest, but it still bothered her. I make more money than I know what to do with, she thought. I should be paying. Nonetheless, Susan decided that aside from David's outdated sense of chivalry, he was ideal. He was compassionate, smart, funny, and best of all, he had a sincere interest in her work. Whether it was during trips to the Smithsonian, bike rides, or burning spaghetti in Susan's kitchen, David was perpetually curious. Susan answered what questions she could and gave David the general, unclassified overview of the National Security Agency. What David heard enthralled him. Founded by President Truman at 12:01 a.m. on November 4, 1952, the NSA had been the most clandestine intelligence agency in the world for almost fifty years. The NSA's seven-page inception doctrine laid out a very concise agenda: to protect U.S. government communications and to intercept the communications of foreign powers. The roof of the NSA's main operations building was littered with over five hundred antennas, including two large radomes that looked like enormous golf balls. The building itself was mammoth-over two million square feet, twice the size of CIA headquarters. Inside were eight million feet of telephone wire and eighty thousand square feet of permanently sealed windows. Susan told David about COMINT, the agency's global reconnaissance division-a mind-boggling collection of listening posts, satellites, spies, and wiretaps around the globe. Thousands of communiques and conversations were intercepted every day, and they were all sent to the NSA's analysts for decryption. The FBI, CIA, and U.S. foreign policy advisors all depended on the NSA's intelligence to make their decisions. Becker was mesmerized. â€Å"And code-breaking? Where do you fit in?† Susan explained how the intercepted transmissions often originated from dangerous governments, hostile factions, and terrorist groups, many of whom were inside U.S. borders. Their communications were usually encoded for secrecy in case they ended up in the wrong hands-which, thanks to COMINT, they usually did. Susan told David her job was to study the codes, break them by hand, and furnish the NSA with the deciphered messages. This was not entirely true. Susan felt a pang of guilt over lying to her new love, but she had no choice. A few years ago it would have been accurate, but things had changed at the NSA. The whole world of cryptography had changed. Susan's new duties were classified, even to many in the highest echelons of power. â€Å"Codes,† Becker said, fascinated. â€Å"How do you know where to start? I mean†¦ how do you break them?† Susan smiled. â€Å"You of all people should know. It's like studying a foreign language. At first the text looks like gibberish, but as you learn the rules defining its structure, you can start to extract meaning.† Becker nodded, impressed. He wanted to know more. With Merlutti's napkins and concert programs as her chalkboard, Susan set out to give her charming new pedagogue a mini course in cryptography. She began with Julius Caesar's â€Å"perfect square† cipher box. Caesar, she explained, was the first code-writer in history. When his foot-messengers started getting ambushed and his secret communiques stolen, he devised a rudimentary way to encrypt this directives. He rearranged the text of his messages such that the correspondence looked senseless. Of course, it was not. Each message always had a letter-count that was a perfect square-sixteen, twenty-five, one hundred-depending on how much Caesar needed to say. He secretly informed his officers that when a random message arrived, they should transcribe the text into a square grid. If they did, and read top-to-bottom, a secret message would magically appear. Over time Caesar's concept of rearranging text was adopted by others and modified to become more difficult to break. The pinnacle of non computer-based encryption came during World War II. The Nazis built a baffling encryption machine named Enigma. The device resembled an old-fashioned typewriter with brass interlocking rotors that revolved in intricate ways and shuffled cleartext into confounding arrays of seemingly senseless character groupings. Only by having another Enigma machine, calibrated the exact same way, could the recipient break the code. Becker listened, spellbound. The teacher had become the student. One night, at a university performance of The Nutcracker, Susan gave David his first basic code to break. He sat through the entire intermission, pen in hand, puzzling over the eleven-letter message: HL FKZC VD LDS Finally, just as the lights dimmed for the second half, he got it. To encode, Susan had simply replaced each letter of her message with the letter preceding it in the alphabet. To decrypt the code, all Becker had to do was shift each letter one space forward in the alphabet-â€Å"A† became â€Å"B,† â€Å"B† became â€Å"C,† and so on. He quickly shifted the remaining letters. He never imagined four little syllables could make him so happy: IM GLAD WE MET He quickly scrawled his response and handed it to her: LD SNN Susan read it and beamed. Becker had to laugh; he was thirty-five years-old, and his heart was doing back flips. He'd never been so attracted to a woman in his life. Her delicate European features and soft brown eyes reminded him of an ad for Estee Lauder. If Susan's body had been lanky and awkward as a teenager, it sure wasn't now. Somewhere along the way, she had developed a willowy grace-slender and tall with full, firm breasts and a perfectly flat abdomen. David often joked that she was the first swimsuit model he'd ever met with a doctorate in applied mathematics and number theory. As the months passed, they both started to suspect they'd found something that could last a lifetime. They'd been together almost two years when, out of the blue, David proposed to her. It was on a weekend trip to the Smoky Mountains. They were lying on a big canopy bed at Stone Manor. He had no ring-he just blurted it out. That's what she loved about him-he was so spontaneous. She kissed him long and hard. He took her in his arms and slipped off her nightgown. â€Å"I'll take that as a yes,† he said, and they made love all night by the warmth of the fire. That magical evening had been six months ago-before David's unexpected promotion to chairman of the Modern Language Department. Their relationship had been in a downhill slide ever since.

children’s picture books

Picture books are intended to demo kids how to deduce pleasance from reading. They fuse humourous secret plans with capturing illustrations in order to keep the attending of the kid. The add-on of images can increase the length of service of a book ‘s involvement ; they are designed to be read over and over once more and therefore the kid needs to be provided with something more than a simplistic plot line. Picture books besides encourage verbal interaction and reading aloud with a parent in order to develop a kid ‘s assurance before the inevitable ‘reading aloud ‘ lessons at school. Verbal sleight is an of import accomplishment to develop and regards literacy. The function of illustrations in this medium is chiefly to supply excess stimulation although, like music and wordss, they each become every bit of import as the other. Some writers are synonymous with illustration manners such as Roald Dahl and Quentin Blake who form a cohesive force in stimulating lit erature for older kids. It is in this very stimulation that the function of image books in the development of literacy can genuinely be seen. Art and literature are effectual signifiers of look, which can be combined to great consequence to better apprehension, and as E.M. Forster pondered â€Å"How can I know what I think until I see what I say? † The resistance to visualize books, a apparently unoffending artistic enterprise to the untrained oculus, is surprisingly fierce. Protheroe ( 1992, p.7 ) considers image books the â€Å"banner at the caput of the present relentless patterned advance towards educational failure† which originated to stamp down the vocabulary of the working categories. She voices concern that by supplying kids with images they are being discouraged to visualize things for themselves ; their imaginativeness is stunted. Yet, a John Vernon Lord explains in his talk, the bulk of his images are born from his imaginativeness instead than from life so how could something so innately inventive dissuade similar idea? In add-on, even with the most apparently basic of image books, such as Rosie's Walk, there is ever something else to add. For illustration, Rosie ‘s Walk, has apparently small secret plan ( it is a affair of pages long and merely accounts a biddy walking through a farmyard ) nevertheless, the images provide a whole new kingdom of possibility for the imaginativeness. Although Rosie does non interact with any other animate beings, she passes several, many of whom witness the trials of the fox. As a kid surveies the images they can contrive reactions and full lives for the sub-characters. The toads are sent winging as the fox muffs and dips into the pool – did the toads think this was ill-mannered? Did the fox apologise? The caprine animal who grazes by the hayhock is seen in the background of a ulterior scene, watching the fox acquire struck by the falling flour – was the caprine animal amused? Concerned for Rosie? Vernon Lord and Burroway demonstrate a acute oculus for item and supply the kid with an chance to believe outside the information with which they are ab initio presented. This is particularly true of a brief narrative like Rosie ‘s Walk as the kid will about surely grow accustomed to the secret plan after several readings and expression for other stimulation in the narrative. In direct contrast to Protheroe ‘s concerns, it seems that images, used skilfully, could in fact promote a higher degree of shrewdness from a kid who would hold long become tired of the few words in Rosie ‘s Walk if it lacked images. However, to assume that a image book may be wholly simplistic or patronize the potency of a kid possibly underestimates the writer. For illustration, in Rosie ‘s Walk, the kid is placed in a senior place of cognition in comparing to the supporter. Hutchins credits the reader as the omniscient being while Rosie remains blissfully incognizant of her chaser. The comedy of this narrative besides provides many degrees. On the surface, there is the authoritative slapstick comedy as the fox collides with a profligate. Slapstick creates the instantaneous temper and entreaties to child-like love of anticing in both kid and grownup. But it is non merely physical comedy. The shutting line â€Å"and got back place safely† creates humour out of anticlimax every bit good as alleviation. The narrative is tenseness built upon tenseness with the consecutive quandaries reminiscent of the subsequent Wile E. Coyote and Roadrunner sketchs created by Warner Brothers in which a famished prairie wolf pursues a fast paced bird with progressively luxuriant stunts in each episode but to no help. However, this construction seems more suited to the image book as even the action of turning the page drives the narrative and dictates a slower gait. The pages serve as a splitter, making little succinct scenes which help construct the beds before the flood tide . The interesting construction is rooted in this integrity of several unsafe scenes married with the shutting line which, like Rosie, seems incognizant that there was of all time any danger. Similarly, John Vernon Lord explains the importance of the coaction between text and image arrangement in his talk sing The Giant Jam Sandwich: †¦ when text and image are depicting the same episode in the narrative I prefer to implement their physical relationship by puting them on the same page wherever possible. The interruptions in the text and the pictural presentation on each page need to follow the natural phases of the plot line. The tempo of the illustrations with the narrative is of the extreme importance†¦ This demonstrates how the narrative, text and image intertwine, congratulating one another in both manner and gait, to make a whole. This will be explored in greater deepness later. The most basic rule of image books is to advance literacy by doing books more appealing to kids. By doing the books non merely visually luring, but by supplying images to help less able readers, literature is made all the more accessible. Cullingford ( 1998, p.12-13 ) recognises that those kids who struggle with reading ab initio can experience like failures at a really immature age which can consequence their relationship with reading for life. They can get down to see literature as sole. By supplying kids with familiar image narratives instead than confusing cuneuss of text, they can slowly construct the foundation for a love of reading which, as their assurance improves, will actuate them to near more â€Å"unreliable† , disputing tomes in ulterior life. Bettina Hurlimann expresses her position that images are the cosmopolitan linguistic communication and therefore embrace all kids irrespective of academic ability or linguistic communication: by optimising handiness kids wi ll hold a healthier relationship with books. Protheroe ( 1992 p.111 ) accepts the premiss of the image book to publicize reading a enjoyable but besides accuses this peculiar avenue of denying the potency of books and linguistic communication by proposing that words merely have one significance. This, nevertheless, seems a small dramatic. Picture books aimed at 0-5 twelvemonth olds larning to read make frequently merely have one significance, any more than that is normally directed at the grownup. For illustration, in The Giant Jam Sandwich the town of Rubing Down is described as â€Å"not a really bristly town† . As they have merely rid themselves of 1000s of WASP, the kid will take that subdivision to intend that the town did non appreciate being overrun by WASP ; they were non pro-wasps. It is improbable that a kid under five would be familiar with the â€Å"petulantly spiteful† definition of bristly but the grownup might deduce some pleasance from the word drama. Hunt ( 1991, p.175 ) accepts and admires the si mpleness of the linguistic communication but feels that â€Å"much of the complexness is expressed by the ocular elements† . He suggests that literary techniques such as metaphor can be much more efficaciously demonstrated through the usage of images although, like Protheroe, he does admit the subsequent hazard that it â€Å"fix [ Es ] words into a restrictive, everyday interpretation† go forthing the kid no room to leave their ain significance onto words ; there is no room for tactic. The Very Hungry Caterpillar by Eric Carle, in which a caterpillar munches his manner through a regular assortment of tasty dainties, chows two pears. The drama on the word â€Å"pair† and â€Å"pear† was about surely non intended for the three twelvemonth old but instead the individual assisting them to read. In add-on, this peculiar volume can be seen to integrate non merely verbal sleight but mathematical and elements of natural scientific discipline. The caterpillar chows an increasing figure of nutrients, which employs basic numeracy, and later transforms into a chrysalis, so into a butterfly as is the natural order. It seems that without images, this might be a difficult construct to explicate to a really immature kid. The vocabulary required with no ocular assistance might be rather burdensome and estranging ( non least due to the word chrysalis! ) and therefore the images make it a more accessible impression. As Hunt ( 1991, p.176 ) competently notes, it allows u s to â€Å"cross the boundary between the verbal and the pre-verbal† . It allows kids to progress in other capable countries at a younger age. However, Protheroe ( 1992, p.74 ) would reason that kids need to larn to get by with â€Å"uncertainty and accept ambiguity† as it allows them to rehearse illation. Hunt ( 1991, p.181 ) seems to experience that there is a happy medium, nevertheless, in which significance is limited but non prescribed. He feels that this is applicable to both images and words as each signifier can be used in a manner which is stilted or one that opens the floodgates of reading and creativeness. As Hunt ( 1991, p. 185 ) attests the â€Å"absence of words would hold provided a ‘gap' which takes intelligence and imaginativeness to fill† every bit would the absence of images ; working together, both serve their intent. Jane Doonan expresses the importance that pictures talk for themselves and non merely reenforce the words and this impression is the thought of the image book versus that of the illustrated narrative. Moebius ( 1986, p.132 ) articulates that â€Å"in the image book, we read the images and text together as the reciprocally complementary narrative of consciousness† with the â€Å"story ‘behind ‘ the image frequently supplied by the illustrator. He expresses certainty that image books are like any signifier of literature: â€Å" [ the construction ] is non inadvertent or causeless phenomena† . Every word and every coppice shot have a intent. Edmund Evans pioneered the entire design of the image book, doing it a individual cohesive mechanism instead than merely some text with some images. This dichotomy can be seen in The Giant Jam Sandwich in which most of the scenes depict the full town. The moral of the narrative is less to make with the nuisance of WASP and more about community spirit and working together. For this ground, John Vernon Lord has ensured that the bulk of the colorful scenes incorporate most of the town, each making their occupation: from the little miss with pigtails heaving one little jar of jam along ; to the adult male crouching, seeking to acquire a exposure of the bread transit for descendants. It is these bantam inside informations that engage the kid clip after clip – every bit good as the grownup. John Vernon Lord criticises his ain work in his talk, nevertheless, claiming â€Å"with hindsight I feel that the color strategy adopted for these images is excessively similar throughout the book† and it is with changeless fluctuation and bustling images that a kid becomes entranced. However, the images do non hold to be busy to be exciting. Rosie ‘s Walk employs apparently simplistic illustrations and, although attending is paid to the background action, the focal point is far more on the fox and the biddy. These two characters are at the head of most of the scenes with the on occasion cameo from characters, such as the caprine animal, who hover in the background. This, like in The Giant Jam Sandwich, mimics the content of the piece which is really self-contained about Rosie ‘s motions. She does non prosecute with the other characters and neither does the text. The manner is besides much more fantastical with the big overdone ears of the fox and the bold usage of coloring material contrasts. The vivacious yellows and pinks clash in the most aesthetically delighting manner which provides ocular stimulation for the kid. They are unusual color combinations, new and challenging. Similarly, the bulblike trees are decorated with apples in regimented lines instead than the natural sporadic sprinkling ; the all right line between faithful readings of familiar images with phantasy has been attractively encapsulated. Furthermore The Sick Cow, by H.E. Todd and Val Biro, follow all the hushed browns of a arcadian Eden. Of the three books, this is the most ‘realistic ‘ in manner as The Giant Jam Sandwich shies from excessively much facial item with the concentration being on big, busy scenes. Biro specializes in item from the pace of the tractor tyres to the mane of the Equus caballus although allows the background leaf to film over into rural repose. Queerly, nevertheless, despite being the most visually ‘naturalistic ‘ , its content is possibly the most irregular covering, as it does, the complaints of a barking cow who is cured by sitting in some nettles. However, in The Sick Cow, although the images attractively capture the provincial scenery, they do basically exemplify the text. There is no sense, as Moebius ( 1986, p.137 ) demands, of the â€Å"unseen over the seen† as with Rosie ‘s Walk. The same could, possibly, be said of The Giant Jam Sandwich ; the di fference being that, in the latter, there is merely lots to see. Fisher ( 2005, p. 192 ) rallies the benefits of exposing kids to images as â€Å"art can assist assimilation by developing perceptual sensitiveness and favoritism through the survey of signifier, coloring material, form and texture† . This suggests that the blurring in The Sick Cow or the plangency of The Giant Jam Sandwich could supply stimulation which specifically develops the academic capacity of the kid. Pat Hutchins, writer of Rosie ‘s Walk, is besides responsible for The House That Sailed Away and I ‘m the King of the Castle: and Other Plaies for Children which are far wordier illustrations of kids ‘s literature, set out as dramas. Blythe ( 2005, p.82 ) notes that promoting kids to joint is important for development every bit vocal experience supports larning by integrating linguistic communication into the ego. Similar encouragement can be seen in the direct address in The Giant Jam Sandwich every bit good as the animate being noises in The Sick Cow. Learning is believed to be received through the senses and therefore books which encourage verbal interaction are good as are image books which engage the ocular sense. In add-on to art and vocal experience, music is considered to be a powerful tool in mental well being and larning showing that stimulation is non restricted to literature entirely. It can be found in a figure of artistic chases. Tame ( 1984 ) lineations Dr. Tartchanoff ‘s scientific surveies into the consequence of music observing that â€Å"music exercises a powerful influence on muscular activity†¦ sounds are dynamogenic† and the pacing of stone music, for illustration, can be damaging to the digestive system. This physical manifestation is seconded by Blythe ( 2005, p. 82 ) who covers the neurological alterations when people sing or speak as a group: †¦ the cardinal nervous system activity becomes synchronal†¦ emphasis endocrines lessening, musculus tenseness decreases, more O enters the system. They feel high ; have a certain lucidity of head and sometimes physical vision†¦ Taking into history the ‘reading aloud together ‘ facet of image books which, harmonizing to this research, stimulates the encephalon for physical wellbeing every bit good as the work on animal acquisition, the image book is potentially an indispensable acquisition tool. Taking this thought farther, the lyrical nature of many image books should besides be noted. For illustration, The Giant Jam Sandwich employs rigorous pair rhyme strategy: †¦ Bap gave the instructions for the devising of the dough. â€Å"Mix the flour from above and yeast from below. Salt from the seaboard, H2O from the spout. Now thump it! Bump it! Bang it about! †¦ Even if this technique is non straight mentioned to the kid, it is transfusing cognition of beat into their subconscious. This could act upon a love of music which, harmonizing to Dr. Tartchanoff, could be good – depending on the genre. If it developed into a passion for group singing so Blythe surely notes the increased potency for acquisition, modeling the head to a relaxed province of peace and preparedness. If nil else, the poetry makes the narrative flow and engages the senses – which kid would non bask fall ining in with those jussive moods? In the chase of animal stimulation, The Very Hungry Caterpillar can be seen to assail the ocular sense and that of touch. The thick pages display the holes through which the caterpillar has eaten. The kid can jab fingers through the spread and experience as if the narrative is unknoting before their eyes. This is a really tame illustration compared to the modern books which employ sound effects and downy spots. Where does it stop? Books on which the kid can hold a nibble? Possibly the sight of reading itself is being lost in favor of instant satisfaction as is the nature of our society. One must oppugn if this affairs every bit long as kids are being engaged in literature in some manner. And whose face did non light up at the sight of a pop-up book? Making larning merriment and interactive is no new phenomena and should non needfully be seen as endangering. Peter Hollindale ( 1997, p.75 ) has faith that â€Å"children take from a narrative what they want and need† so possibly our changeless use of animal stimulation is ineffectual. Some kids may merely be predisposed to reading and others non regardless of whether books have images. It may merely be a instance of fostering bing endowment by orienting larning to the demands of the single kid. Protheroe ( 1992, p.48-49 ) has farther concerns that image books can be damaging to the development of a kid ‘s memory. She argues that it has â€Å"long been established that in human linguistic communication lexical use involves a nexus between a symbol and a construct, non a symbol and referent† ( p.73 ) . She cites that Bower and Winzenz conducted trials which linked memory to active find and word picture. Although there is a school of idea which rejects the thought that image books stunt imaginativeness, Bower and Winzenz ‘s findings can non be dismissed. Picture books work on the rule of memory association. One of the purposes, every bit good as general stimulation, is to supply the kid with a word and an image which they can associate in their encephalon so that the word and its significance will be easier to retain. Bower and Winzenz suggest that by striping the kid the personal image creative activity, the nexus with their memory will be broken. Word and image association is a common manner to beef up memory keeping as is repeat or the usage of active imaginativeness: using a personal image to what the word signifies to you. There are many recommended alteration techniques because memory plants otherwise from individual to individual and therefore Protheroe may be right in some instances but it seems prudent to presume that image association will besides assist some kids when larning to read. After such drawn-out treatment about the importance of stimulating and progressing the cognition of a kid comes Alfred Adler ( 1998, p.181 ) and his sentiment to encompass the simpleness of kids ‘s books. He recognises that to seek and speed up the acquisition of a kid at a immature age can be counter-productive: â€Å"All mentally indigestible mush ought to be kept out of kids ‘s reading until they have reached a certain age of adulthood. Unsuitable literature may either be misunderstood, or it may restrict developing societal interest† . While Protheroe flies the flag for reading, Adler highlights the possible booby traps of such a stance: the hazard of misconstruing taking to fear or disaffection. And possibly Adler high spots an interesting point about the aging procedure. Betty Friedan ( 1993, p. 50 & A ; p.74 ) explains that societal research has indicated that those who show the most doggedness in keeping on to the values they developed in childhood were mos t susceptible to mental instability later in life. This links with Freud ‘s theories of the importance of childhood and the in which people develop much of their personality really quickly in childhood and subsequent alterations in maturity are frequently no more than superficial. By rushing up this procedure even more by showing kids with progressively complex literature before they have reached that â€Å"certain age of maturity† that Adler alludes to, kids might develop excessively rapidly before they are ready to understand the branchings therefore seting them in a vulnerable psychological place in their grownup old ages. Conversely, if Freud ‘s theories about the importance of childhood development are to be subscribed to, it would besides be unsafe to stunt a child's cognition and understanding at such a important clip in their psychological growing. As Moebius ( 1986 ) notes, the image book should be preserved as â€Å"the last frontier of innocence† and, as such, should non be corrupted by being held under inordinate examination. In the chase of literacy the importance of stimulation must be stressed. An active encephalon will advance literacy or, at least, a thirst for instruction whether that is artistic, mathematical or scientific. Literacy is achieved through developing kids with a healthy relationship with books, whether they grow up to read Crime and Punishment or with a preference for Mills and Boone ; to implement a literary hierarchy would be a presentation of snobbism and artistic ignorance. Literacy is independent from the literary canon. Denying kids colorful images besides seems to propose that ocular art is non every bit valuable as literature which is likewise imbalanced. Children should larn that art is about equality and, although they can encompass their preferable medium, they should non dismiss other signifiers of look or see them inadequate. Uniting literature with images demonstrates the manner in which art signifiers can efficaciously interact. Art signifiers are non sole. Furthermore, if employing images to capture a kid besides inexplicably entwines their head with the text so, what is the injury? Many grownups reserve a particular topographic point in their Black Marias for their childhood front-runners: from Noddy to The Very Jolly Postman ; from The Mr. Men books to The Velvetine Rabbit: their love of reading may be pinpointed to these really personal businesss. It seems unjust to deny immature readers of today these warm, fuzzed memories of bright amusing images and exciting colorss for fright of patronizing them. Children should be allowed to be kids before the age of five instead than invariably forcing them to develop more quickly – if they are ready to progress so that could be nurtured on an single footing. The fact is, with kids, with people even, the manner in which a head works varies from individual to individual so it seems ineffectual to order an overall right or incorrect on image books. The matrimony of text and images will trip the imaginativeness of some kids while others will deduce stimulation from building clay pies in the garden. Modern kids shoul d non be robbed of the colors of artlessness ; even if the modern colors of artlessness come in the signifier of The Tweenies.

How does Macbeth’s and Lady Macbeth’s relationship change throughout the course of the play? Essay

Witches nowadays are seen as a bit of a joke and a laugh since they are used for entertainment like in the ‘Harry Potter’ novels, or when it is Halloween and children (and sometimes even adults) dress up as witches for fun or for trick and treating. Overall, Witches in modern times are not taken seriously but people were a lot more superstitious back when Queen Elizabeth I reigned as Queen of England; people in those times had a real fear and belief of witches. Their superstition was the product of the church’s teachings, yet, when Queen Elizabeth died and the new King James I of England and Scotland, succeeded to the throne; he was someone who was both obsessed and intrigued by witches. This new King was fascinated by the subject, a fact that William Shakespeare had to take on board. Shakespeare had to impress King James in order to enter his good books and keep his high status and wealth. This is because William Shakespeare was Queen Elizabeth’s official playwright and when she died, he risked losing his living and high social status. By using his playwright’s talents, some background research on the King’s ancestors and his fascination of witches to his advantage, he created his infamous play, ‘Macbeth’, which captured King James’ attention and kept Shakespeare as the official playwright. Macbeth was a successful soldier in the army of King Duncan. After the battle, Macbeth meets three witches who tell him that he is to become Thane of Cawdor and King. As part of the same prophecy, the Witches predict that future Kings will be descended not from Macbeth but from his fellow army captain, Banquo. â€Å"(First Witch) All hail Macbeth, hail to thee Thane of Glamis. (Second Witch) All hail Macbeth, hail to thee Thane of Cawdor. (Third Witch) All hail Macbeth, that shalt be King hereafter†. Banquo also receives a prophecy from the witches, â€Å"Thou shalt get kings, though thou be none†. Shortly after, Macbeth receives news that King Duncan has honoured him with the title, Thane of Cawdor. Although initially prepared to wait for fate to take its course, Macbeth is ambitious and sudden confusion arises when King Duncan nominates his son Malcolm as his heir. Macbeth is tempted and writes to his wife giving her the news. Lady Macbeth, upon hearing Macbeth’s promotion, calls upon evil spirits to help them achieve greatness; she dabbles with the dark arts and performs witchcraft in order to help her and her husband make the witches’ prophecies come true. It is here that we see Lady Macbeth’s true colours, it shows us that she is the more ambitious of the two as she has immediately taken steps to fulfill the prophecy and that she is the one who is more dominant in her actions. â€Å"Glamis thou art, and Cawdor, and shalt be what thou art promis’d: yet do I fear thy nature, it is too full o’ th’ milk of humane kindness, to catch the nearest way.† (Act 1, Scene 5) Returning to his castle, Macbeth’s ambitious wife, Lady Macbeth, tells her husband of her plan to murder Duncan and persuades Macbeth. It is here that we see the status of their relationship and realize that Lady Macbeth is â€Å"wearing the trousers† in this relationship. She is in control and can easily manipulate her husband. Macbeth realises that the murder of the king is the quickest way to achieve the destiny that her husband had been promised and when King Duncan pays a royal visit to Macbeth’s castle, Lady Macbeth sees this as the perfect opportunity to bring the prophecy to life. It is here that we see the dramatic irony take place. Both Macbeth, Lady Macbeth and the audience know that King Duncan will die once he stays over at Macbeth’s, but King Duncan himself does not know that his fate has been sealed. Here, we see the couple call each other endearments, for example, Macbeth calls Lady Macbeth â€Å"My dearest love† (Act 1, Scene 5), which suggests that they are a loving couple but at first Macbeth hesitates about killing King Duncan and Lady Macbeth is outraged, she takes control and scolds him, prevailing upon him again and again, which shows us she pushes and blackmails him revealing the positions in their relationship. She questions his manhood, â€Å"When you durst do it,† she says, â€Å"then you were a man†. Lady Macbeth wins out, she drugs the guards of the king’s bedchamber; then, at a given signal, Macbeth ascends to the King’s room and murders him while he sleeps. Lady Macbeth says she could not have killed King Duncan because he resembled her father, a figure which Lady Macbeth loved and cared for. â€Å"Had he not resembled My father as he slept, I had done’t†. Haunted by what he has done, Macbeth is once more scolded by his wife. It is here that we see Macbeth weaken and Lady Macbeth take almost complete control of their relationship. Suddenly, both are alarmed by a loud knocking at the castle door, but again, it is Lady Macbeth who takes control. The drunken porter of Macbeth’s castle opens the door to Macduff, a loyal follower of the king, who has been asked to awaken Duncan in preparation for the return journey. Macbeth, concealing the bloody truth, signals the location of the King’s room and Macduff heads towards it. He discovered the King’s body. When the murder is revealed, Macbeth kills the prime witnesses, the sleepy guards of the king’s bedchamber, and Lady Macbeth faints. The lords of Scotland present, including Macbeth, swear to avenge the murder. The King’s two sons flee in fear that they might be next, and this action raises suspicion that they might be the culprits. Donalbain flees to Ireland and Malcolm flees to raise an army in England. Macbeth is crowned the new king of Scotland, but, because of Banquo’s knowledge of the witches’ prophecy, Macbeth sees no other choice but to kill his friend, Banquo and his son Fleance, as he will be the successor after Macbeth. They both pose a threat to Macbeth but Macbeth does not tell Lady Macbeth of his plans this time, this shows he still cares for her and does not want her hands to be covered in blood anymore, thus taking on a more dominant role in their relationship. The hired murderers kill Banquo but Fleance escapes. At a banquet that night, Macbeth sees Banquo’s ghost at the dinner table and the audience see Macbeth weaken greatly as the ghost appears. Again, his wife tries to strengthen Macbeth. We see Lady Macbeth showing some of her irritation towards Macbeth, she is genuinely worried about him as she cannot see what he can and is trying to calm him, but on the other hand, she is also scolding him, desperate to save her neck and his, as she is trying to stop him from confessing Duncan’s murder. â€Å"O proper stuff: This is the very painting of your fear: This is the air-drawn dagger which you said Led you to Duncan. O, these flaws and starts (Imposters to true fear) would well become A woman’s story, at a winter’s fire Authoriz’d by her grandma: shame itself, Why do you make such faces? When all’s done You look but on a stool.† (Act 3, Scene 4). In the next scene, Macbeth returns to the Witches. The Witches not only confirm that the sons of Banquo will rule in Scotland, but they also add a new prophecy: Macbeth will be invincible in battle until the time when the forest of Birnam moves towards his stronghold at Dunsinane, â€Å"Macbeth shall never be vanquish’d be, until Great Birnam Wood, to high Dunsinane Hill Shall come against him.† (Act 4, Scene 1). They also predict that no man born of a woman shall hurt Macbeth, â€Å"Be bloody, bold and resolute: Laugh to scorn The power of man: for none of woman born shall harm Macbeth.† (Act 4, Scene 1). Ignoring both of these predictions because he thought they were nonsense, Macbeth prepares for invasion. When he is told that Macduff has deserted him, Macbeth begins the final stage of his tragic descent. His first move is the destruction of Macduff’s family; his wife and children. In England, Macduff receives the news at the very moment that he swears his allegiance to the young Malcolm. Malcolm persuades him that the murder of his family should act as the spur to revenge, â€Å"Be comforted. Let’s make medicines of our great revenge, To cure this deadly grief.† Meanwhile, in Scotland, Lady Macbeth has been taken ill: She walks in her sleep and seems to recall, in fragmentary memories, the details of the murder. It is here that she has no control over their relationship, moreover, her own sanity. Macbeth hears of her sanity deteriorating, yet he does not sound like he cares in the slightest, he sounds cold, emotionless, all he does is tell the doctor to â€Å"Cleanse the stuff’d bosom, of that perilous stuff Which weighs upon the heart†. In the end, she eventually falls to her death from the castle’s battlements. We do not know whether it was her insanity that caused her suicide, or the evil spirits that consumed her soul. Macbeth hears her scream, as he is informed of Lady Macbeth’s death, he acts as if he doesn’t care, he cold-heartedly said â€Å"she should have died hereafter†, his speech is pessimistic and full of despair which spells the end of their once loving relationship. Malcolm’s attacking army is advancing while Macbeth’s defenses are preparing. When Malcolm’s army disguise themselves with sawn-off branches from Birnam Wood, Macbeth sees what appears to be a wood moving towards his stronghold at Dunsinane. When he finally meets Macduff in single combat, his sworn enemy reveals that he came into the world by caesarean section; he was not, precisely speaking, â€Å"of woman born†, (Act 4, Scene 1). On hearing this news, Macbeth rejects one final time the Witches’ prophecy. With a loud cry, he launches himself at Macduff and is slain thus revealing the final twist to this tragedy. In the final scene, Malcolm is crowned as the new king of Scotland, to the acclaim of all. At first, Macbeth had a casual, loving relationship with Lady Macbeth. However, both their ambitions led them astray. Firstly, the relationship began to change when Macbeth became more dominant. This was when he ordered Banquo and his son Fleance murdered. â€Å"Be innocent of the knowledge, dearest chuck†, by saying this, not only is Macbeth protecting his wife, he is also taking on a more dominant role in their relationship. Clearly, he still loves his wife as he is protecting her. However, there is another twist in their marriage. In act 3 scene 4, we see the appearance of Banquo’s ghost at the banquet which only Macbeth can see, because of this; Macbeth is reduced to a weak, helpless man. Meanwhile, his wife, unsure of what is going on, appears to be sure footed and most definitely stronger than her husband. She scolds him and questions his manhood, â€Å"Are you a man?† Drawing to the end of the play, we see Macbeth take control again, while Lady Macbeth is slowly deteriorating along with her relationship to Macbeth, her mind is flooded with guilt and paranoia. We see the end of their relationship when Lady Macbeth falls off the battlements of the castle to her death. We do not know whether it was her guilt that caused her to commit suicide, or the evil spirits consuming her soul and driving her to die. Macbeth feels no emotion upon hearing of her death; instead he says life is meaningless and has no purpose, â€Å"is a tale Told by an idiot, full of sound and fury, Signifying nothing.† This is the end of their relationship. The audience initially has a good impression of their relationship. They called each other endearments and protected each other. In act 3, scene 2, we see Macbeth protecting his wife from finding out the bloody truth, even though he had performed evil deeds, the audience would’ve thought of him as a ‘good person’ or a loving husband beneath the blood stained ambition. In act 1, scene 5 however, Lady Macbeth reveals her true colours by calling forth evil spirits to aid her ambition to kill Duncan. Also, in act 4, scene 1, we see Macbeth’s true colours when he meets the witches for help. The audience now sees him as too deep in the blood for him to carry on, his time will come. When Lady Macbeth dies, he shows coldness, which creates hatred from the audience towards Macbeth. Indeed, his time comes, when he faces Macduff, and is slain. The audience now sees the classic victory over evil, performed by the good. In conclusion, Macbeth’s relationship with lady Macbeth slowly deteriorates throughout the course of the play, it seems that the more blood drenched onto Macbeth’s hand, the more dominant he grew and this weakened Lady Macbeth’s mental state. The audience sees them as a loving couple at first, calling each other endearments protecting each other, but their actions caught up with them, and they faced the consequences of meddling with the evil spirits. Their relationship is like a candle, slowly burning, burning through the wax, slowly deteriorating, until there is nothing left.

Reflective Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Reflective Paper - Essay Example Based on this assumption, health is considered as a managed system and the role of nursing is to support the adaptation of their patients to that environment. The adoptive modes under this theoretical model comprise of physiologic, self concept, role function and interdependence. (Benner). This approach is considered as holistic in nature as it attempts to be unifying and purposeful and as such since health is considered as a positive response towards environment. Therefore, the role of the nurse is to promote such an adaptation. As described above that I live in a very small town and most of the patients are poor with lesser access to better health opportunities. Therefore, as a nurse, I always remain focused on facilitating them to cope with their environment. As a part of this process, my experiences are really related to facilitating my patients to understand and learn as to how to deal with four different adoptive modes. As a part of this reflection. However, I feel that real life experiences do not fully match or augment this theory because there are some other factors which restrict the ability of my patients to successfully interact with the environment. Poverty and social isolation have made people ignorant of essential elements required for maintaining a healthy interaction with their environment. As a part of my duty, I also consider that though my patients need nursing care, and they are the focus of my nursing care. However, I fail to clearly establish as to really when that nursing care is indicated. At the individual level and being a part of a society which lacks adequate economic resources, my ability to manipulate different stimuli in order to promote adoptive responses is limited. I still remember one of my patients who could not cope with her mental disorder situation only because of the lack of resources either social or

Saving Private Ryan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Saving Private Ryan - Essay Example Spielberg shows this through many close-ups on his eyes, within which the audience sees the emotions and turmoil that exist despite his slow physical progress. Soon the film moves to a landing craft approaching the beaches on SD-Day. This is different from traditional war films in a number of ways. First, all the soldiers look terrified. Second, the very physical effects of this fear and the rough seas - a soldier vomiting - is shown. The soldiers around him do not even seem to notice the soldier vomiting because they are so caught up within their own thoughts and fears. Once the landing craft gets to the beach and opens up, German machine guns essentially eviscerate three soldiers before they even have a chance to move. Again, this is the point of view of the soldier. The audience sees the bloody pieces of the soldiers spattered all over the landing craft and their comrades. The scene continues with the point of view of a soldier struggling to make it up on to the beaches, and shows one of them drowning because he is wearing too much equipment. All of this shows the terror of war, and the easy, almost casual manner with which it takes life. As the scene continues the main character, played by Tom Hanks, essentially withdraws into his own world.

A Critique of Federal Agencies Prior to the September 11 Essay

A Critique of Federal Agencies Prior to the September 11 - Essay Example Several agents are criticised for having failed to effective and efficient in preventing terrorism acts, some of these agents discussed in this paper include the FBI, the INS, CIA, immigration department and the FAA.In February 1993 a bomb exploded under the twin towers and the FBI arrested proprietors of the act including Mohammed Salameh and Nidal Ayyad who were convicted, however it was clear that these were not the only individuals who plotted the bombing, (NCTA report (2004) page 74)In the department of justice countering terrorism is under the FBI, before the 9/11 bombing the special agents in FBI field offices were free to set priorities and assign officers appropriately. To avoid duplication each office worked on different cases. The organisation of the FBI was organised in such a way that they did not put much effort on counter terrorism activities and this was due to two reasons. (NCTA report (2004) Page 74)Performance in the FBI was determined by the number of arrests and prosecutions, this made special agents to concentrate more on domestic crimes rather than terrorism because counter terrorism work involved lengthy investigation that in the long run would not yield positive results. This also made individual officers to concentrate much on domestic crimes such as drug crimes and gang crimes. (NCTA report (2004) Page 74)... ffice of origin concept, this means that a field office was assigned a specific case, this meant that if a field office was concentrating on a certain case the other officers would be working on other cases, the New York office was assigned the Bin Laden case following the east Africa bombing. As a result of this individual officers were less concerned with the Bin Laden case and this meant that the New York office held all the information regarding al Qaeda. (NCTA report (2004) Page 74) Louise Freeh was appointed as the director of the FBI in 1993, he brought changes in the to bureau including decentralisation, after the 1993 bombing Freeh created a division in the bureau that would concentrate mainly on counterterrorism, the FBI counterterrorism division budget tripled but in 1998 and 2000 the counterterrorism budget remained relatively constant, this meant that the bureau did not concentrate on emphasising more on terrorism, the other problem that arose is that the budget allocated to this new department would be reprogrammed for use in other cases, this was also evident where twice as many individuals in the bureau concentrated on local crimes. (NCTA report (2004) Page 76) This new division was supposed to provide new information that the FBI did not have, however the new division was treated as one that provided assistance to the existing case, the recruitment was done within the FBI and the bureau failed to recruit individuals with relevant education to help in analysis of terrorism, for this reason therefore the creation of the division would not meet the main objective which was to counter terrorism. (NCTA report (2004) Page 77) The FBI also faced some legal constraints in investigating international terrorism, the 1978 congress enacted the foreign

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus - Research Paper Example Since other fibromyalgia, CNS diseases, autoimmune diseases and infections disease can present with involvement of multisystem disease, when diagnosis of SLE is being carried out, there is need to consider the possibilities of these other conditions. The disease is a multi-factorial, multisystem, chronic, and rarely life-threatening illness with environment, genetic and hormonal origins (Robinson, Sheets & Currie, 2011). It can also affect any part of the body including blood cells, nervous system, skin, joints, and kidneys. Mostly, women aged 15-40 years are largely associated with SLE. Predominance of SLE In the U.S, the incidence levels reported annually is approximately 5.2% in every 100,000 people. The frequency of the disease differs with ethnicity and race. High rates of SLE are seen in women who are in the childbearing age. Higher rates of SLE have been reported in Hispanic and black people with an estimated 40 in every 100,000 white people in Rochester, Minnesota while in No gales, Arizona a 100 Hispanics in every 100,000 have the disease. However, there is less prevalence reported in the Northern Europe region, but the disease is mostly common in African Americans. Mina & Brunner (2010) also proposed that in an estimated number of 10 in 20% of the patients with SLE experience the disease prior adulthood. In international statistics, highest predominance levels have been report in Afro-Caribbean, Martinique, Italy, United Kingdom and Spain population. Even though the disease is seen more in the black people who reside in United Kingdom, it is less common in those who are in Africa. This has been attributed to environmental influences (Patel et al., 2006). However, in terms of race, the black women possess a higher likelihood of getting the disease than white women and Asians. One in every two hundred and fifty African American women is reported to have the disease showing how widespread the disease is in women Furthermore, the highest predominance rates are seen in ninety percent of the female population while the prevalence rates are considerably lower in the male population. Older men are affected by the disease compared to younger men but generally lupus is seen in very low rates among the male population (Alarcon et al., 2004). The death causes are mostly attributed to cardiovascular disease, organ failure, infections and active disease. The survival rate has progressed signifying that milder cases of SLE are being recognized. Over the past period of four years, the survival rate of patients with the disease has increased to 80% as opposed to that of the last fifteen years which was 50% showing that there is some progress in research. Pathophysiology Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus usually have a complicated range of abnormalities concerning their body defense system. SLE is connected with triggering 2 key components of the adaptive immunity, T and B cells (Alarcon et al., 2004). The abnormalities which target the a daptive immune system consist of production of autoantibodies as well as defective killing of T-Cells. In patients with SLE, the T cells usually express a smaller amount of IL-2. This is the main cytokine for differentiation, activation and proliferation of T-cells. The T-cells in SLE patients have a problem with signaling responses which result to the small IL-2 and CD3 amount. These abnormalities cause a decreased cytotoxic activity. Moreover, there is an incapability to repress

Joy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Joy - Essay Example The translation also took some improvement as other authors also tackled the complicity of its meaning. As one author puts it, â€Å"joy is a trickier thing to talk about . . . because it is a responsive state or disposition often defined by category of stimulus - there is for example, spiritual joy, erotic joy, leaving for London joy (Potkay, 2010). â€Å"Joys are modifiable in a way that "happiness," a noun without plural, is not (Potkay, 2010). But regardless of how others define joy, their description can only account so much of that state or feeling of delightful bliss. The description of that agreeable emotion or that delight of the mind can only say so much of that state when I want to open up to the world out of joy; when everything feels so good that the heavens seem to be bluer and the grass seems to be greener. Joy is a feeling that is very personal to me. Such that it would be very difficult for me to rationalize it for it defeats the very purpose and intent of the word. Because joy appeals to my emotion; of how I feel, not to what I think. I experience joy, not think about it. Joy is not only the opposite of grief or dejection. Nor a transient state of mind that ratifies and approve something amiable. Joy is what life is; of how should I live my life. Joy is an expression of that appreciation of the chance that I exist and â€Å"enjoy† my existence. Above all, it is joy that makes me a complete human being. It is that experience of joy in my everyday life that affirms my humanity. Perhaps, there are no other creatures that can experience that same bliss and rapture than I do. The beast may satisfy its hunger and be moved by its instinct to procreate, but there is no joy in that. It was moved by the instinct to survive. It is just nature taking its natural course. But I am moved by motives that go far beyond the instinct. I do things because I â€Å"enjoy† doing it. I, as a human being, experience joy whether

Outsourcing the positive and negative affects; purchasing and supply Research Paper

Outsourcing the positive and negative affects; purchasing and supply chain management - Research Paper Example Although, the argument that denies the inevitability of phenomenon claims it to be a major cause of unemployment in America, but the positive impact of outsourcing on the economy cannot be rejected altogether. As a matter of fact, there is a fair amount of subjectivity in the questions like where, when and how outsourcing should be employed and the detrimental effects of outsourcing on US job market are a reality but another reality is the importance of these outsourcing companies to the US economy. Although cost is the key factor while making a decision of outsourcing, it must also be a strategic decision at the same time. A strategic decision takes into account the capabilities of companys resources, challenges at hand, benefits and key factors that favor outsourcing. The strategic outsourcing prevents the outsourcing of goods, services and labor that are critically important to the function of the company. At the same time, strategic outsourcing can take into account the expected impact of an outsourcing decision on national economy. The establishment of a separate formal Officials authority might be a good idea to evolve a regulating mechanism and to strike a balance in outsourcing decisions. Nevertheless, purging it altogether is not an option. Pacing with rapid changes in business dimensions has become a demanding challenge for business leaders in diminishing geographical limitations. Technology in general and cutting edge communications in particular drastically redefines business operations in terms of resources. The globalization has vast and vivid repercussions on business domains and business leaders have to be very knowledgeable and current on prevailing trends in human resources, purchases and supplies to manage these effects in their specific domain. The globalization of businesses and advancement in technologies to support these global business operations have reduced the geographical limitation of

Case study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 36

Case Study Example ase idea will benefit travelers in that they will be able to book a full package in that; if they are touring a region they can get all the services at one stop. Services such as the airline to use, the vehicle to use when on land and hotels are inclusive and easily accessible. In this exhibit, there will be benefits both to travelers and the travel agencies in that; the traveler can travel according to their potentials where there is a category for budget travelers who do not require using a lot of money, while the luxury travelers will require more comfort. Decision making will be easier for the travelling agencies due to the classifications of travelers (Mohinder, 2009). This classification will be beneficial to the agencies in that they will be able to make decisions based on the ability of their clients and consequently treat a client fairly and thus increasing their customer base (David & Nancy, 2012). This exhibit according to the case idea demonstrates the customer base beginning from 2007 when a new CEO is hired. Considering the vertical axis as the customer base in hundreds of thousands and the horizontal axis as the years moving forward, it illustrates that in the year 2007 the customer base was at 600,000. The figure increases to 800,000 customers in 2011 resulting from the acquisition of 16 percent by Tencent Company. This figure is predicted to rise in 2017 due to the recommendations made and the figure is projected to be at one million customers. This means the customer base in the projected future life will increase accordingly (Mohinder, 2009). Considering exhibit 5, the case idea recommends that the increase in the customer base through the methods stated earlier, will lead to increase in the profits due to increase in the travel activities above (Harvard business review on thriving in emerging markets,

Criminal law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

Criminal law - Essay Example The law that deals with crimes is referred to as criminal law. The shapers and foundations of criminal law are the numerous social standards and conducts set in different jurisdictions. This definition implies that criminal law seeks to control peoples’ conducts in society and criminalise actions and omissions that may threaten, endanger and harm others’ well being, safety, security and mental and physical health1. For people who breach any of the laid down criminal laws of a given jurisdiction, the consequences are often commensurate legal punishments such as jail terms. Unlike civil law which focuses on resolution of disputes and compensation, criminal law emphasises punishment for convicted offenders2. Because of the severity of the effects of some convictions on perpetrators, judges always want proof of the intent to commit a crime on the part of a defendant. This intent or guilty mind is referred to as mens rea. Thus mens rea and actus reus are the two core require ments that must be present at the same moment for a successful conviction. In other words, a criminal case cannot stand strong if mens rea and actus reus occur at different times, even if sequentially. On the other hand, strict liability refers to the criminal liability faced by a defendant, regardless of mens rea3, i.e. where it is absent. This paper explores the statement that â€Å"Theft and Fraud are both serious crimes, but they can never be the basis for any type of manslaughter conviction, even if the victim dies.’... Taking the offence of criminal damage as contained in section 1(1) of the Criminal Damage Act 1971), the actus reus entails the damage or destruction of another person's property5. Thus, the mens rea in this case does not require exceeding an intention to commit criminal damage. In a specific intent crime, a suspect’s mens rea exceeds the actus reus. This implies that such a defendant had certain ulterior motives in mind. For an illustration, in the case of aggravated criminal damage contrary to section 1(2) of the Criminal Damage Act 1971, this offence is committed if a defendant damages or destroys a property while all along intending to endanger life6. Examples of basic intent crimes include common law theft, fraud, assault, battery, manslaughter, rape and criminal damage while specific intent crimes are unclear offences, murder and criminal damage with intent to endanger life. The reason theft and fraud cannot form the basis for manslaughter is that the actus reus of the t wo crimes are not similar to that of manslaughter. For example, the actus reus of theft is the illegal taking, keeping and/or using of another person's property. This actus reus is accompanied by the mens rea of permanently intending to deprive the rightful owner the possession or use of a property. That is, if one party mistakenly takes the property of another, thus depriving the owner of the use and possession of the property (the actus reus), it does not amount to a crime since the former mistakenly takes the property, believing he/she is the rightful owner. However, if he/she realizes the mistake but does not take the earliest opportunity to return it to the rightful owner, it becomes a crime at this point7. There is thus, the element of dishonesty in the latter scenario. The

A Separate Peace Essay Example for Free

A Separate Peace Essay In the novel, A Separate Peace, by John Knowles the question is presented â€Å"what is a true friend?† The author challenges the question by manifesting two main characters, Finny and Gene, to have a type of rivalry relationship. Finny is a self-confident, outgoing, and athletic person. Awhile on the other hand Gene is quiet, competitive, and intelligent person. Gene gains jealous thoughts which in the end lead their friendship too gradually to fall apart. The author creates a challenge that frustrates both Finny and Gene to test both side of their relationship. As an example the author shows Finny’s fall in the climax of the book is due to Gene being jealous of him which then leads to Finny’s tragic injury.†I was not of the same quality as he. I couldnt stand this†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Knowles 52). Gene was surrounded with depression and major guilt. I feel that, with friendship there is always going to be envious feelings towards the other party no matter what, but not to a point of possibly injuring them or hurting them really bad. Another incident is when Gene wears Finny’s clothes while he is recovering from his injury. This brings out the thought that Gene missed Finny and he had a feeling of loneness, but however he is also replacing him in his athletics.†Listen, pal, if I can’t play sports, you’re going to play for me† (Knowles 76). Due the past altercations, Gene will play for Finny, not only because he was the second best player but Finny was injured. So I guess you can say he qualifies for his replacement. This shows that in a friendship or relationship, when two friends have had an argument in the past that has lead to loneliness, an empty feeling, and non communication, but in the end this is the factors that makes a friendship stronger when they finally talk again for the first time in a long period of time and they both feel the love and welcoming type of feeling. The last incident that occurs shows the true feelings of friendship illustrated by the author is, this is when Finny falls down the stairs and  he breaks his leg for the second time. But sadly in the end e eventually dies in surgery when the doctor begins his procedure on Finny’s leg to try to fix it. The doctor then explains that the marrow of the bone escaped and went throughout his bloodstream leading to his heart killing him. Gene didn’t cry for one reason, when he was at Finny’s funeral, he felt as if this was his own.†I could not escape a feeling that this was my own funeral, and you do not cry in that case†(Knowles 184). Gene is mad at himself for endangering Finny’s life by bouncing and unbalancing the tree branch as Finny leaped out towards the water and in the end unintentionally ending his Finney’s life. John Knowles wrote the sad story of when friends obtain the feelings of envy or jealousy, on their journey to discover the true meaning of what they thought was a true friend. Their jealous cravings lead them to their tragedy and this is the major factor that brought their friendship to a end. The question â€Å"What is a true friend?† can only be answered in your opinion for there is no true definition of true friends because everyone is different and therefore think differently and has a different opinion on the subject.

Guidebook on Seizures: Causes and What To Do

Guidebook on Seizures: Causes and What To Do Self instructional module is one of the educational material that helps individualized learning. It is important to go through the module in schematic way. Take your own to read this material slowly and carefully in the place/room provide for you in the hospital premises. In case if you have any doubt regarding the content make a note and clarify with the investigator. Try to answer the question given at the end when you find any leisure time. Compare your answer with the key answer provided. SELF INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE ON PROMOTION OF SAFETY MEASURES ON MANAGEMENT OF SEIZURE INTRODUCTION: This is a self explanatory booklet on promotion of safety measures for patients with seizure and primary care givers of the patients. Some of the valuable information is given in this Self Instructional Module (SIM) for you; which will be very useful and informative for you in your practical life. CHAPTER 1 NEURONS AND FUNCTIONS OF BRAIN NEURONS: We are amazingly efficient and blessed with the nervous system in our body. Nervous System consists of vast number of cells called Neurons. Neurons transfer messages from one to another to take information in form of our senses and control our thoughts and activities. To send a message, the neurons want a messenger. We called that messenger as Chemical Messenger. The chemical messenger travels to the next neuron and transfer the information. If the amount of chemical messenger is enough, the neurons will receive the message in the form of Electrical charges. Changes that takes place in these electrical charges producing a electrical wave which is called Firing. Once a neuron fires ; it sends the information along to all the other neurons it is in contact with. During transmission of messages; there are some chemical transmitters which will freeze the neuron to prevent the brain from having much more activity to handle. There are also some unfreeze messengers which will help to pass the messages to all other neurons. So the passing of message from one neuron to another is a combined action of freeze and unfreeze messengers of the nervous system. HOW SEIZURE HAPPENS If there is not enough freeze messengers a seizure can happen. A seizure happens when too many informations are going around the brain at once, all at the same time. BRAIN Brain is one of the most important part of our body. Without brain there is no meaning for our life. The brain cells (neurons) helps us to carry out many actions and thoughts throughout our life. Any alteration in the brain happens means, the whole body function will be altered. Important parts of a Brain The important parts of a brain are a) Cerebrum b) Midbrain c) Pons d) Medulla Oblongata e) Cerebellum Functions of brain Brain helps in the mental activities which involve memory, intelligence, sense of responsibility , thinking, reasoning , moral sense and learning. Sensory perception of pain, temperature , touch , sight , hearing , taste and smell. Helps in fine control of skeletal muscle movements and function. Helps in fine control of complex movements and learned co-ordinated activities. Helps to sense appetite, thirst, pleasure, fear, sleeping and waking cycles. Controls the rate and rhythm of heart. Controls the blood pressure. Helps in initiating respiration and it also controls the rate and depth of respiration. Helps in maintaining posture and balance. Helps in language process. SUMMARY This chapter deals with Neurons in nervous system, its functions, how seizure happens, Brain and its function. The co-ordinated function and balance between the neurons and the brain helps us to live in this beautiful world. Exercise no. 1 A vast number of cells present in nervous system is called ______ The messenger that passes message from one neuron to another is____ Neurons receiving the message in the form of____ Too many messages going around the brain at the same time will leads to __ _____ helps in mental activities like memory, intelligence, thinking, reasoning and learning. CHAPTER- II SEIZURE Introduction Seizure is a disorder that affects the nervous system of our body. When too many information are going to the brain at once all at the same time, seizure will occur. Can seizure be cured? Seizure cannot be cured in the real sense of the term. Seizure is a disease like diabetes mellitus, hypertension and asthma. But seizure can be completely controlled by following some of the safety measures. Facts and Myths about seizure. Facts. Seizure can occur at any time in life and for any people. The leading cause of seizure in adults is head injury caused by auto mobile accidents. The leading cause of seizure for those above 65 years is stroke. People with seizure are not violent or crazy. People with seizure are not mentally ill. Seizure is not a curse. Seizure is not be a barrier to success in life. Myths A person with seizure cant be go for Education. A person with Seizure cant get Job. A person with seizure cant get marry. Seizures are thought to be caused by possession by demons. Seizure is a curse. Meaning of seizure: A seizure is a sudden disruption of nerve cells of brains normal electrical activity, that can cause a loss of consciousness and make the body to jerk. It cause a change in behaviour characterized by changes in sensory perception (sense of feeling) or motor activity. Causes of seizure: High fever Brain infections (Meningitis, tetanus, malaria) The triggering factors like Lack of sleep and stress. High level of sugar and sodium in blood. Low level of sugar, calcium and magnesium. Kidney or Liver failure. Alcohol abuse. Insufficient oxygen supply to brain Cigarette smoking. Congenital abnormalities Increased blood pressure. Reaction to some medication. How Seizure Occur We have seen in chapter 1, that there are clusters of nerve cells in the brain called neurons. A persons thoughts, feelings and actions are produced by electro chemical impulses that the neurons generate. When too many information are going to the brain ,the information are getting mixed up. Thus during a seizure, the neurons send mixed up information to our body, so the body does things that you dont want it to. Anything the brain or body can do it can do due to seizure. Usually the neurons send signals around 80 times a second. During seizure, neurons may fire as many as 500 times a second. Types of seizure: Seizures are mainly classified into Generalized seizure Partial seizure Generalized seizure start in the whole brain at a time, it includes; Absence seizure Tonic- clonic seizure Atonic seizure Partial seizures start in a small portion of the brain and stay there. They are of two types Complex partial seizure in which conscious is changed or lost. Simple partial where the person is conscious for the whole thing. Aural stage of seizure: Partial seizures can have the capacity to spread to whole brain, causing generalized seizure. In this case, Partial seizure is then called an aure, because it is a warning that a bigger seizure is coming. It is characterized by odd smell, taste, simple convulsions and visual disturbances. Signs and Symptoms of Seizure: The symptoms of a seizure depend upon the area of the brain affected. If small areas are affected aural stage symptoms will be there and if large portions of brain are affected, then the person will have Jerk and muscle spasm Altered or loss of consciousness Loss of bowel or bladder control Confusion Speech arrest Motionless stare Exessive salivation Anxiety, weakness, irritability, dizziness, changes in appetite. Light-headedness Tongue or cheek biting Cyanosis Unexpected falls with physical injury Complications Severe injury Status epileptics : It is a state of continuous seizure activity or a condition in which seizures reoccur in rapid succession without return to consciousness between seizures. Diagnosis of seizure Taking an Encephalogram Magnetic Resonance Imaging Computed Tomography Blood analysis These are the main methods to diagnose a seizure. These tests will reveal the abnormality which leads to seizure. These will give clear cut images of your brain and its nerve cells. Summary This chapter deals with the Facts and Myths about seizure, Meaning of Seizure, Causes, How seizure occurs, types, Signs and symptoms, Complications and Diagnosis of a Seizure. Seizures are caused mainly due to abnormal electrical activity of the brain nerve cells. EXERCISE NO: 2 Try to answer the following questions. _____ gives as information (warning) that a bigger seizure is coming. ____is the result of abnormal electrical activity of brain nerve cells. ____is a complication of seizure , which causes repeated reoccurrence of seizures without consciousness between seizures. ____type of seizure affects a small portion of brain ___is the leading cause of seizure in people above 65 years old. CHAPTER III SAFETY MEASURES ON MANAGEMENT OF SEIZURE This section is going to deal with the safety measures that the safety measures that the patient and the primary care giver have to follow before, during and after a seizure attack. Section- 1 Promotion of safety measures on management of seizure- To the Patients with Seizures. The main areas that section -1 deals with Instruction regarding drug treatment of seizure Instruction regarding Employment and Driving Instruction regarding marriage and pregnancy Instruction regarding recreational activities Instruction regarding relaxation techniques Instruction regarding dietary pattern 1) Instruction regarding drug treatment of seizure Things to be kept in mind while taking anti-epileptic drugs The aim of taking antiepileptic drugs is to obtain adequate control of fits Your brain need a constant maintenance of antiepileptic drugs to control seizures, so you have to take medications regularly Dont withdrawal the medication until prescription of the doctor If you have no fits for 4 to 5 years after withdrawal of drug, reoccurrence of seizure will become extremely small. Dont stop antiepileptic drugs when you are taking other medications for other diseases. If you vomit within an hour after taking anti-epileptic drug, take an extra dose of same medication after some time. If you forget to take a dose of drug taken an extra tablet within same 24hours period. Dont drink alcohol when you are under anti epileptic drug treatment. Mothers having seizure can safely breast feed their babies while taking anti-epileptic drugs, if any problem arises, they should consult their treating doctor. Some anti-epileptic drug have a side effect of causing gingivitis in mouth, so you should keep the mouth clean and tidy. 2) Instruction regarding Employment and Driving. If you are well and completely controlled without any disabilities from seizure, then you can work in any job which is not disturbing. The jobs not recommended for a persons with seizure are defence services, working with unguarded machinery, fire services, Railway engine driver. Persons whose fits are not controlled should not drive any vehicle. Persons with seizure should wear helmet and seat belt while travelling. Persons with seizure should wear Medical alert Tag which should contain your name, age, diagnosis, address and phone number of nearest relative. 3) Instruction regarding Marriage and Pregnancy. Persons with seizure can marry, if seizure is in good control. The spouse of the person should be aware of the situation. Poor controlled seizure patients cant marry, as it will cause problems. The anti-epileptic drugs must be continued in the same dosage during entire pregnancy. Treatment with one drug is preferred during pregnancy. Antenatal Mothers on seizure treatment should attend regular antenatal visits. 4) Instruction regarding recreational activities If you are in good seizure control, you can participate in non strenuous activities. Avoid athletic activities like fast running jumping etc. Swimming can do under supervision. Remember to carry sufficient medicine while travelling and take them at scheduled time. Flying in aeroplane is also safe ,but you should inform to the staffs in advance. While watching T.V and working in computer Sit or stand as far from screen as possible. Do not watch T.V if you are tired or need sleep. Watch T.V in a well lighted room. Avoid excessive play and work in computer, it will weakened the brain function. If you continues to have any discomfort (tingling, numbness, stiffness etc..) see a doctor immediately. Instruction regarding relaxation techniques to reduce stress Relaxation allows the body to heal from within. Sit in a comfortable position: Place your hands in a resting state on your lap Close your eyes. Take a deep breath. Relieve the breath slowly. Do this for 10 to 30 mintues in a day. Instruction regarding dietary pattern Drink plenty of water. Flesh foods like chicken and mutton are good. Rice, Nuts, Eggs, can also eat. Diet should not ignored in any circumstances. SECTION 2 Promotion of safety measures on management of seizure among primary care givers of patients with seizure. The main areas this section deals with: Care of patients during seizure. Care of patient after seizure. Prevention of seizure related injury. Instruction regarding care of patients during seizure Dont try to restrain the person Remove objects that could cause injury. Loosen tight clothing. Turn the head or whole body to the side to drain saliva from mouth. Nothing to be inserted between the mouth during seizure. Do not attempt to give CPR during seizure. If the person turns blue or stop breathing CPR can be performed after seizure. If the seizure continues for more than 5 minutes or if not responding, seek medical help. Stay near to the patient and speak kindly. Instruction regarding care of patient after seizure Treat if there is any injury. Record all details like When seizure started How long it lasted. What body parts were affected Any specific symptoms like confusion, head ache, fever, vomiting. How the person behave before and after the seizure. Allow the patient for a sound sleep. Do not offer anything (food or water) until the patient is fully alert and awake. Do not disturb while the patient is sleeping. After waking, check whether the patient is oriented or not. When to seek emergency help When the patient have, Inability to walk or stand Fever Guidelines for primary care givers of a seizure patient Be conscious about the signs symptoms of aural stage of seizure Place the patient on a flat surface during seizure Provide a clam environment Stay near the patient Remove the all the materials which harm the patient Never try to move the patient during seizure If the patient is having high fever take necessary action immediately A medical alert card should always with the patient when he goes out which should have the following information name, address, phone number, diagnosis Check whether patient get adequate sleep Check whether patient takes drugs regularly Avoid the social stigma Stressful events with seizure patients has to do it in a careful manner. Prepare the patient psychologically both for success and failure in any attempt. Summary This chapter deals with the promotion of safety measures on management of seizure. This chapter includes 2 sections. Section -I deals with the safety measures for patients with seizure and section II deals with the safety measures for the primary care giver to undertaken during a seizure. Exercise III Try to answer the following questions Restrain the patient during seizure True b) False Put any hard object in to the mouth during seizure to avoid tongue biting. True b) False Relaxation techniques can reduce stress True b) False If the patient loss breathing during seizure, start CPR True b) False Keep the patient in supine position during seizure. True b) False KEY ANSWERS Exercise No -1 Neurons Chemical messenger Electrical charges Seizures Brain Exercise No-2 Aural stage Seizure Status Epilepticus Partial seizure Stroke Exercise No-3 False False True False False CONCLUSION From this booklet (SIM),it is clearly understood that on the whole, the future of persons with seizure is definitely bright and those affected can certainly look forward to a much better quality of life. In order to attain this, you should promote the safety measure that you have read and follow it with out fail.